（3）allowance n.补贴（指卖方按一定百分比给对方让价，有时与 discount和 rebate意思相同，但具体应用到索赔时，则指赔偿费）
Eg: This supermarket makes an allowance of 10% for payment by preferential cards. Eg: Buyers claims an allowance of 1000 dollars due to short weight.
11．commodity n.商品（正式用语，指一般性的商品的总称）
Eg: They are not interested in most of commodities on display.
Eg: The commodity prices have been going up in recent years.
在外贸业务中表示商品的同义词很多，具体含义和用法各异，如下所述。
（1）goods词形固定为复数，但不与数词连用，可与 commodity等词通用，是较普通的用语。
Eg: The goods enquired for are out of stock for the moment.
（2）merchandise泛指商品，无复数形式，不与不定冠词连用，不具体指某种商品。 Eg: Smith & Co.Ltd deals in general merchandise.
（3）manufactures复数形式使用不变，指工业产品，制造品等。
Eg: We are making efforts to push your manufactures.
（4）material指原料商品。
Eg: Please recommend some material that suits the European market.
（5）produce指农产品或自然生成的产品。无复数形式，不可冠以不定冠词。
Eg: We are in the market for various kinds of native produce.
（6）product主要指工业产品 (=manufactures) ，有时也可与 produce通用，较多使用。 Eg: Chinese light industrial products sell fast in Northern Africa.
（7）make原指生产式样和制造方法，后引申为产品、货物。
Eg: More than half of the cars sold here are Japanese makes.
（8）cargo 指与装运有关的船货，有时亦可和 goods换用。
Eg: The cargo ex “White Cloud” has been inspected and found in good order.
（9）shipment指装运的一船货或是一批货。
Eg: A client in Canada asked us to send a shipment of cutlery to them on D/A basis.
（10）consignment指寄售之货或运送之货，作后者用时可与 shipment, delivery通用。
Eg: Lots of consignments are arriving from other sources.
（11）stuff原料，货物。 Eg: We hope a better stuff could be offered as soon as possible.
（12）parcel一批货，原意指小包，包裹。 Eg: This is the only parcel of 200 pcs left.
（13）lot 一批货，完全等同于 parcel。 Eg: Can you offer us another lot?
（14）article商品，货物，是商业常用语，多用单数，尤指某种具体商品。 Eg: Please let us know when you are in a position to supply this article.
（15）item商品（项目），常用以指代前面提及的货物，可与 article换用。 Eg: The demand for this item is still increasing.
（16）line商品（项目），行业，（一类）货色。 Eg: We have been engaged in the chemical line for 30 years.
12．conclude v.
（1）得出结论，作出结束语，认为 Eg: We conclude that it is not the time to discuss this matter now.
（2）达成常用短语：conclude a transaction / conclude the business成交 Eg: A lot of transactions have been concluded between us.
表示“达成交易”的类似结构还有以下这些，可互相换用。
Business is done. come to terms close a deal/transaction put through the business / transaction finalize a transaction / deal materialize business etc. Eg: We’re pleased to have finalized the transaction with you. conclusion n.商定，结论 Eg: Our representatives look forward to the eventual conclusion of this business.
13．confirm v.
（1）证实，确认 Eg: We confirm our letter of April 15 regarding Mild Steel Sheets. Eg: We confirm cables exchanged between us covering Dried Egg products.
（2）收悉（信函、电报等），作此意思解的短语很多，昀常见的有下面这些词组。 confirm (receipt of ) … acknowledge (receipt of) … be in receipt of … be in possession of …
Eg: We’re in receipt of your cable of March 15. Eg: We confirm/confirm your cable of March 15.
另外下列几种表达方式为商函正式表达：
中国航空网 www.aero.cn
航空翻译 www.aviation.cn
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