CAP 737 Crew Resource Management (CRM) Training 机组资源管理培训(65)

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Table 2 SA Error Taxonomy (Mica Endsley, 1995 )
Level 1 SA: failure to correctly perceive the situation  A: Data not available B: Data difficult to detect/ perceive C: Failure to scan or observe data 1. omission 2. attentional narrowing/ distraction 3. high taskload D. Misperception of data E. Memory failure 
Level 2 SA: Failure to comprehend situation  A: Lack of/ poor mental model B: Use of incorrect mental model C: Over-reliance on default values in model D: Memory failure E: Other 
Level 3 SA: Failure to project situation into the future  A: Lack of/ poor mental model B: Other 
General  Failure to maintain multiple goals Habitual schema 

Individual factors which can influence SA are those described already in the Appendix on information processing. Human beings have a limited information processing capability and cannot attend to all sources of information all the time. It is necessary to switch attention from one source to another, often in fairly rapid succession, and store the information in memory. Appropriate training can help pilots develop and practice good 'attention sampling' strategies, to ensure that one or more sources of information do not get neglected. A simple example of this is the instrument scanning pattern which many pilots learn at an early stage in their flying training, in order not to miss a potentially important source of information.
Working memory capacity is a limit on SA, since its capacity can soon be overwhelmed when used to store perceived information, comprehending the meaning of that information, combining it with existing knowledge to achieve a composite picture, and predict future outcomes whilst still maintaining a good appreciation of the current situation. The load on working memory and processing capabilities can be reduced as tasks become more and more automatic, with the development of skill. However, this very 'automaticity' can have a down side in that it can lead to failure to perceive new stimuli (e.g. hearing what you expect to hear, or seeing what you expect to see).
Stress can have an affect on SA, sometimes positive, but more usually negative. Stress can be physical (noise, vibration, heat, cold, fatigue, etc.) or social/ psychological (fear, anxiety, uncertainty, mental load, time pressure, perceived time pressure, consequences of events, etc.). High workload is a form of stress, either long term high workload (e.g. a short-haul flight through several sectors in busy airspace, with an inexperienced crew), or short term or even momentary high workload or overload (e.g. bad weather on approach).
Depending on the individual, some degree of stress may improve performance in general, including SA. More often, however, stress results in reduced SA since it competes with SA for an individual's limited attention capacity, and may result in attentional narrowing. Other consequences may include reduced working memory capacity, and reduced information intake. Aural inputs may be significantly reduced, with peripheral visual inputs suffering next. This is a strong argument for placing master warning lights in the central visual area in cockpits, rather than rely upon peripheral attention-getters or aural warnings.
　
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