CAP 737 Crew Resource Management (CRM) Training 机组资源管理培训(63)

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e) Green, R., Muir, H., James, M., Gradwell, D., Green, R. Human Factors for Pilots (2nd edition). 1996. Ashgate. 
f) Pariès, J and de Courville, B. Human error and human reliability. Chapter 5 of "Briefings: A Human Factors Course for Pilots - Reference Manual". Dédale. 1994 (and reissued in 2000). Publishers Dedale, France. 
8.2  Further Reading on Human Reliability: 
Human Reliability Assessment – a Critical Overview. ACSNI Study Group on Human Factors. HSE Books 1991. ISBN 0 11 885695 2 

Appendix 6 Situation Awareness
1 Introduction
Situation Awareness (SA) is "knowing what is going on around you" and is fundamental to correct decision making and action. Information processing tends to be the term used for the psychological mechanism of receiving and analysing information; situation awareness is a description of an individual's, or team's, understanding of the aircraft state and environment, based on perceived and processed information.
SA is more than just perception - it is understanding the meaning of what you perceive, how it might change in the future, and the implications. Decision making is based on situation awareness, therefore if you have poor SA, you are likely to make poor decisions. SA has sometimes been referred to as "perception of reality" and it is quite possible for different crew members to have different perceptions of reality. The aim of SA training should be to ensure that all flight crew members have good SA and a common (and correct) perception of the state of the aircraft and environment. This can be achieved by good teamworking and communication. SA is, therefore, an important element of CRM.

2 Definitions
There are many definitions of Situation Awareness.
One definition of SA is:
"the perception of the elements in the environment within a volume of
time and space, the comprehension of their meaning and the projection
of their status in the near future"
(Endsley 1998).

Another definition is:
"Situation awareness relates to one’s ability to accurately perceive what is in the cockpit and outside the aircraft. It is also one’s ability to comprehend the meaning of different elements in the environment and the projection of their status in the near future" (CAA Doc 29).
A third definition (ICAO - HF Digest 2) is:
" Situation awareness refers to one's ability to accurately perceive what is going on in the cockpit and outside the aircraft. It further extends to the planning of several solutions for any emergency situation which could occur in the immediate future. Maintaining a state of awareness of one's situation is a complex process, greatly motivated by the understanding that one's perception of reality sometimes differs from reality itself. This awareness promotes on-going questioning, cross-checking, and refinement of one's perception. Constant, conscious monitoring of the situation is required. Note that the situation referred to here includes the human environment. The evaluation of oneself and others for partial or total incapacitation is vital but often overlooked."
　
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