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Training for LOSA, including the behavioural markers as well as classification of threats and errors, takes two full days and is similar to that recommended for using the markers alone.
The markers listed below in Table 2 are used in Line Operations Safety Audits, non-jeopardy observations of crews conducting normal line flights. Each of these markers has been validated as relating to either threat and error avoidance or management. With the exception of two global ratings, specific markers are rated (if observed) during particular phases of flight. Following is a list of currently used markers showing phase where rated, followed by the ratings for each phase of flight:
Table 2 University of Texas (UT) Behavioural markers Rating Scale
SOP BRIEFING The required briefing was interactive and operation-ally thorough Concise, not rushed, and met SOP requirements Bottom lines were established P-D
PLANS STATED Operational plans and decisions were communi-cated and acknowledged Shared understanding about plans —Everybody on the same page“ P-D
WORKLOAD ASSIGNMENT Roles and responsibilities were defined for normal and non-normal situations Workload assignments were communicated and acknowl-edged P-D
CONTINGENCY MANAGEMENT Crew members developed effective strategies to manage threats to safety Threats and their consequences were anticipated Used all available resources to manage threats P-D
MONITOR / CROSSCHECK Crew members actively monitored and crosschecked systems and other crew members Aircraft position, settings, and crew actions were verified P-T-D
WORKLOAD MANAGEMENT Operational tasks were prioritised and properly managed to handle primary flight duties Avoided task fixation Did not allow work overload P-T-D
VIGILANCE Crew members remained alert of the environment and position of the aircraft Crew members maintained situational awareness P-T-D
AUTOMATION MANAGEMENT Automation was properly managed to balance situational and/or workload requirements Automation setup was briefed to other members Effective recovery techniques from automation anomalies P-T-D
EVALUATION OF PLANS Existing plans were reviewed and modified when necessary Crew decisions and actions were openly analyzed to make sure the existing plan was the best plan P-T
INQUIRY Crew members asked questions to investigate and/or clarify current plans of action Crew members not afraid to express a lack of knowledge “Nothing taken for granted” attitude P-T
Key to Phase: P =Pre-departure/Taxi; T =Takeoff /Climb; D =Descent/Approach/Land; G =Global
Table 2 University of Texas (UT) Behavioural markers Rating Scale
ASSERTIVENESS Crew members stated critical information and/or solutions with appropriate persistence Crew members spoke up without hesitation P-T
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