CAP 737 Crew Resource Management (CRM) Training 机组资源管理培训(46)

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Within the organisation, the social and managerial aspects of work can be stressful. Pilots whose jobs are under threat due to a company reorganisation, for instance, are likely to have an increased level of background stress which, when combined with task stresses or domestic stresses, may not be conducive to safe operations.

3.4 Stress Management
Once we become aware of stress, we generally respond to it by using one of two strategies: defence or coping. Defence strategies involve alleviation of the symptoms (taking medication, alcohol, etc.) or reducing the anxiety (e.g. denying to yourself that there is a problem (denial), or blaming someone else).
Coping strategies involve dealing with the source of the stress rather than just the symptoms (e.g. delegating workload, prioritising tasks, sorting out the problem, etc.). Coping is the process whereby the individual either adjusts to the perceived demands of the situation or changes the situation itself.
Unfortunately, it is not always possible to deal with the problem if this is outside the control of the individual (such as during an emergency), but there are well-published techniques for helping individuals to cope with stress. Good stress management techniques include:
Relaxation techniques;
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Careful regulation of sleep and diet;

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A regime of regular physical exercise;

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Counselling -ranging from talking to a supportive friend or colleague to seeking professional advice.

There is no magic formula to cure stress and anxiety, merely common sense and practical advice.

3.5 Time Pressure and Deadlines
There is probably no industry in the commercial environment that does not impose some form of deadline and consequently time pressure on its employees. Aircraft flight operations is no exception. It was highlighted in the previous section that one of the potential stressors in aviation is time pressure. This might be actual pressure where clearly specified deadlines are imposed by an external source (e.g. ops management ) and passed on to flight crew, or perceived pressure, where pilots feel that there are time pressures, even when no definitive deadlines have been set in stone. In addition, time pressure may be self-imposed, where flight crew have personal reasons for timely action (e.g. departing from a foreign airport before duty time limits expire and the crew can't get home). This is often referred to as "get-home-itis".

3.6 The Effects of Time Pressure and Deadlines
As with stress, it is generally thought that some time pressure is stimulating and may actually improve task performance. However, it is almost certainly true that excessive time pressure (either actual or perceived, external or self-imposed), is likely to mean that due care and attention when carrying out tasks diminishes and more errors will be made. Ultimately, these errors can lead to aircraft incidents and accidents.

4 Sleep, Fatigue and Circadian rhythms
　
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