CAP 737 Crew Resource Management (CRM) Training 机组资源管理培训(54)

2.7 Motor Programmes
If a task is performed often enough, it may eventually become automatic and the required skills and actions are stored in long term memory. These are known as motor programmes and are ingrained routines that have been established through practice. The use of a motor programme reduces the load on the central decision maker. An often quoted example is that of driving a car: at first, each individual action such as gear changing is demanding, but eventually the separate actions are combined into a motor programme and can be performed with little or no awareness. These motor programmes allow us to carry out simultaneous activities, such as having a conversation whilst driving.

2.8 Situation Awareness
Although not shown explicitly in Figure 1, the process of attention, perception and judgement should result in awareness of the current situation.
Situation awareness is the synthesis of an accurate and up-to-date ‘mental model’ of one’s environment and state, and the ability to use this to make predictions of possible future states.
Situation awareness, in the context of the flight deck, describes the pilot’s awareness of what is going on around him, e.g. where he is geographically, his orientation in space, what mode the aircraft is in, etc. It refers to:
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the perception of important elements, e.g. seeing a low oil pressure indication.

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the comprehension of their meaning, e.g. Is there a leak? Is it a faulty indication?

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the projection of their status into the future, e.g. Does this require a diversion?

As with decision making, feedback improves situation awareness by informing us of the accuracy of our mental models and their predictive power.

3 Information Processing Limitations
The basic elements of human information processing have now been explored. It is important to appreciate that these elements have limitations. As a consequence, the pilot, like other skilled professionals, requires support such as a QRH.
3.1 Attention and Perception
A proportion of ‘sensed’ data may be lost without being ‘perceived’. An example with which most people are familiar is that of failing to perceive something which someone has said to you, when you are concentrating on something else, even though the words would have been received at the ear without any problem. The other side of the coin is the ability of the information processing system to perceive something (such as a picture, sentence, concept, etc.) even though some of the data may be missing. The danger, however, is that people can fill in the gaps with information from their own store of knowledge or experience, and this may lead to the wrong conclusion being drawn.
Once we have formed a mental model of a situation, we often seek information which will confirm this model and, not consciously, reject information which suggests that this model is incorrect.
　
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