CAP 737 Crew Resource Management (CRM) Training 机组资源管理培训(100)

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Researchers, practitioners, and regulatory authorities must work congruently in order to realise the ultimate goal of improved safety.

2 The Development of the NOTECHS Behavioural Markers
The following text has been extracted from the GIHRE report
The European Joint Aviation Requirements (JAR) require the training and assessment of pilots’ CRM skills. JAR OPS NPA 16 [now JAR OPS amendment 2] states: “The flight crew must be assessed on their CRM skills in accordance with a methodology acceptable to the Authority and published in the Operations Manual. The purpose of such an assessment is to: Provide feedback to the individual and serve to identify retraining; and be used to improve the CRM training system”. CRM skills can also be called nontechnical skills. These refer to a flight crew member’s behaviours in the cockpit not directly related to aircraft control, system management, and standard operating procedures.
In 1996, the JAA Research Committee on Human Factors initiated a project that was sponsored by four European Civil Aviation Authorities (Germany, France, Netherlands, UK). A research consortium, consisting of members from DLR (Germany), IMASSA (France), NLR (Netherlands), and University of Aberdeen (UK), was established to work on what was called the NOTECHS (Non-Technical Skills) project. This group was required to identify or develop a feasible and efficient methodology for assessing pilots` non-technical skills. The design requirements were (i) that the system was to be used to assess the skills of an individual pilot, rather than a crew, and (ii) it was to be suitable for use across Europe, by both large and small operators. After reviewing existing methods it became apparent, for various reasons (e.g. crew-based, fleet specific, or too complex), that none of these systems met the design requirements and therefore they could not be taken as an Acceptable Means of Compliance (AMC) under the scope of the JAR. Moreover, none of them provided a suitable basis for simple amendment, although particular attention was paid to two of the principal frameworks, namely the KLM WILSC/ SHAPE systems and the NASA UT Line/LOS Checklist system (LLC version 4). Therefore, the research group, with the assistance of training captains from KLM, designed a prototype behavioural marker system for rating non-technical skills, which was called NOTECHS.
The development of the NOTECHS system consisted of: (i) the review of existing systems to evaluate proficiency in non-technical skills; (ii) a literature search for relevant research findings relating to key categories of non-technical skills; (iii) extended discussions with subject matter experts at NOTECHS working group meetings. The following design criteria were used to guide the final choice of components and descriptor terms:
a) the system should contain the minimum number of categories and elements in order to encompass the critical behaviours;
b) the basic categories and elements should be formulated with minimum overlap;
　
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