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The Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) developed the WAR HORSE visible/near-infrared hyperspectral sensor system, which has been demonstrated on the Predator UA. More recently NRL had developed a complementary short-wave-infrared hyperspectral sensor and has demonstrated the sensor on a UA surrogate platform (Twin Otter).
Other short- and long-wave infrared hyperspectral sensors are currently under development to provide a high-altitude stand-off capability for larger manned and unmanned platforms. DoD believes that hyperspectral imagery offers enormous promise.
HSI phenomenology/ground truth. The primary difficulty holding MSI/HSI sensors back from widespread employment is the lack of/fragility of the spectral signatures available to identify targets/phenomenology over a broad range of environmental and operational options. While there have been very successful demonstrations illustrating the wide ranging potential of the technology, many of these demonstrations relied on employment under specific illumination conditions (i.e., fly at nearly the same time each day, restrictions on cloud cover) and often required nadir operations to ensure uniform pixel shape although TALON RADIANCE has demonstrated off-nadir operation. Deviation from these constraints has historically resulted in unacceptable false alarm rates for target detection applications. To achieve even the results obtained to date, substantial on-board processing or a large data transfer capability to the ground processing element is necessary.
APPENDIX B – SENSORS
Page B-3
Civil and commercial work with multi- and hyperspectral imagery has built a phenomenology library that will greatly simplify introduction of these sensors onto manned and unmanned aircraft. Some data already exists in open or commercial venues to build characterization databases in anticipation of the sensors coming online over the next decade. To realize the benefits of hyperspectral imaging, DoD encourages the Services to characterize areas of interest with a view toward optimizing spectral band selection of dedicated military sensors. This will allow the development community to take advantage of recent advances in on-board processing capabilities and use products available now and in the near future. In a similar fashion, emphasis on developing signature processing systems, which take into account environmental (illumination) issues as well as non-uniform pixel size should also be investigated. This intelligence product represents an area in which characterization and processing of the data will be significantly more challenging that just building and operating the sensor.
SAR enhancements. SAR improvements are changing the nature of the product from simply an image or an MTI map to more detailed information on a target vehicle or battlefield. Current SAR systems can perform limited coherent change detection (CCD) showing precise changes in a terrain scene between images. Use of phase data can improve resolution without requiring upgrades to the SAR transmitter or antenna, through data manipulation with advanced algorithms. These and other advanced SAR techniques require access to the full video phase history data stream and are often very processing intensive. As processor capability continues to grow exponentially (Moore’s Law), many of these capabilities will be automatically available on-board the sensor (such as Lynx’s generation of CCD images); however, others will continue to require processing power or classified techniques that exceed the capacity of our current on-board systems. To take full advantage of these techniques, UA must plan for communications architectures capable of moving the required amount of data to the network for distribution and processing (see Appendix C). While modern intelligence collection places a premium on real-time data availability, on-board mass storage of data could at least allow post-mission application of advanced data handling procedures requiring full phase history information.
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无人机系统路线图 Unmanned Aircraft Systems Roadmap(98)
