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Flexible conformal antennas. There are numerous commercial and government programs to develop affordable conformal SAR antennas for use on a variety of aircraft. Their eventual availability will allow UA to more effectively use onboard payload space; currently, a SAR antenna (mechanically-steered antenna (MSA) or electronically-steered antenna (ESA)) may be the core parameter around which the rest of the aircraft, manned or unmanned, is designed. Conformal antennas will allow larger apertures using the aircraft’s skin. Agile antennas will be able to perform more than one function, so a single antenna (covering a large portion of the aircraft’s exterior) can serve the data link needs as well as acting as imaging radar. On larger aircraft like Global Hawk or MQ-9 Predator, conformal antennas mounted near the wingtips will enable single pass interferometric SAR data collection, leading to swift production of precise digital terrain maps.
Sensor autonomy/self cueing. One of the key attributes that some UA offer is very long endurance, much longer than is practical for manned aircraft. While it may be possible to maintain 24-hour battlefield surveillance with a single aircraft, the system will only reach its full potential when it is doing part of the work of the intelligence processing facility to alleviate manpower needs. A number of image/signal
APPENDIX B – SENSORS
Page B-7
processing and network collaborative technology developments will facilitate the ability to automate sensor operation, at first partially and over time leading to nearly total sensor autonomy.
Current operations for large ISR platforms – Global Hawk and the U-2, for instance – focus on collection of a preplanned target deck, with the ability to retarget sensors in flight for ad hoc collection. This is suitable for today’s architecture, but proliferation of UA with a range of different capabilities will stress the exploitation system beyond its limits. Long dwell platforms will allow users to image/target a collection deck initially and then loiter over the battlefield looking and listening for targets that meet a predetermined signature of interest. While automatic target recognition (ATR) algorithms have not yet demonstrated sufficient robustness to supplant manned exploitation, automatic target cueing (ATC) has demonstrated great utility. OSD strongly encourages the Services to invest in operationalizing ATC in emerging UA sensor tasking and exploitation. Sensor modes that search for targets autonomously that meet characteristics in a target library, or that have changed since the time of last observation, or that exhibit contrast with surroundings can be used to cue an operator for closer examination. Advances in computer processing power and on-board memory have made, and will continue to make, greater autonomy possible. In a similar fashion, different sensor systems on board a single aircraft may also be linked, or fused, in order to assist in the target determination problem. Combining sensor products in novel ways using advanced processing systems on board the aircraft will help solve the sensor autonomy problem as well.
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无人机系统路线图 Unmanned Aircraft Systems Roadmap(103)
