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Today's silicon-based semiconductor processors will be limited to features about 0.1 micron in size, the so-called "point one limit," by current manufacturing techniques based on ultraviolet lithography. Once the limits of silicon semiconductors are reached, presumably in the 2015-2020 period, what are the alternatives for developing more advanced processors? Just as computers have evolved from using vacuum tubes to transistors to integrated circuits of semiconductors over the past 60 years, future ones may progressively use optical, biochemical, quantum interference switching (QIS), and molecular ("moletronics") processors, or some combination of them, to achieve ever faster speeds and larger memories. QIS offers a thousandfold increase in speed and moletronics a potential billionfold increase
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over present computers. Ultimately, quantum computing may replace traditional computing based on ones and zeros with using nuclear magnetic resonance to encode the spin of atoms.
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