曝光台 注意防骗
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By considering survivability early in the design process one can make design trade-offs and minimize the potential cost and performance impacts. Modifications later in the design cycle will always come with increased cost and performance penalties. If survivability is considered early in the design process there are “no cost” design practices that will enhance a system’s survivability. An example is the placement of critical systems to shield them from ground fire. No matter what decisions are made, considering all facets of the design early will decrease the overall system life-cycle cost. For combat aircraft, survivability must be a part of the trade space.
UNMANNED AIRCRAFT SYSTEM SURVIVABILITY CONSIDERATIONS
Regardless of size or cost, all UAS have the following functional components: (1) one or more aircraft,
(2) a system for command and control of the aircraft and associated payloads, (3) payload(s) and (4) a means of disseminating the information obtained by the payload. Each of these functional components is addressed separately below.
Aircraft
UA range in size from under one foot flying at 100 feet at 20 knots to those with wingspans over 130 feet flying at 60,000 feet at 340 knots. A standard survivability approach will not work for all aircraft because of this wide range of sizes and performance. Passive susceptibility reduction measures, such as visual and acoustic signature reduction, may be the only way to increase the survivability of small aircraft due to their limited size. Larger aircraft can support the introduction of active susceptibility reduction measures
APPENDIX K – SURVIVABILITY
Page K-2
UAS ROADMAP 2005
such as flares, chaff, other decoys, and/or traditional aircraft vulnerability reduction design concepts. The cost and intended purpose of the unmanned aircraft system will inform the decision to invest in the survivability of the aircraft.
Command and Control System
All current UAS have a command and control system for preprogramming the flight and/or direct remote piloting. The sophistication of the command and control system varies, but generally consists of uplink and downlink communications, navigation equipment and Global Positioning System, applications software to control the aircraft and the payload. These links may be encrypted, but often are not. UAS have a ground station that may range from a laptop in the hands of a soldier or Marine in contact with hostile forces to a fixed plant installation within the continental United States. The physical threat to the ground station varies according to size and employed location. The uplink transmits command and control information from the ground station to the UA while the downlink provides health and status information from the UA to the operator. Information for the control of the payload can also be transmitted in the downlink. Generally, these communications channels emit continuously, thereby allowing radio direction finding techniques to be employed against the ground station and its UA. Depending upon the UAS, the command and control links may be interleaved with the payload (i.e., information dissemination) data link or there may be two separate links.
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