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APPENDIX B – SENSORS
Page B-8
Contractors have put a great deal of work into reducing optical sensor weight; the Services should capitalize on this work by adapting existing sensors for new vehicle applications wherever possible, to avoid the costly solution of sensors designed for single vehicle applications.
Communication. Data links that are designed for small aircraft applications are already proliferating in
U.S. and foreign UA systems. Israel in particular has long recognized the need for effective line-of-sight and beyond-line-of-sight real time links to make effective use of sensor data from UA communications, but the importance of a family of small JTRS-and Software Communications Architecture (SCA)-compliant, network-enabled communications packages must be emphasized specifically as a sensor enabler. As a near term solution, an SCA-compliant version of the common ISR family of data links, Common Data Link (CDL), generated by a JTRS communications unit, should be the link of choice for all UA platforms at and above the tactical class.
In addition to the need for smaller tactical data links, large aircraft carrying sophisticated sensors will need high capacity data transfer systems, particularly in over-the-horizon roles. Current data capacities of 274 Mbps are stressed when carrying multiple sensors simultaneously. Classes of sensors that particularly tax links are radar imagers when full phase history is sent to a ground station for post processing and multispectral sensors with high resolution and wide fields of view. Hyperspectral data has the potential to vastly outstrip current data rates provided over existing links and most satellite and ground communication networks. If all (or many) bands of hyperspectral data must be downlinked, there will be no ability to operate any other sensors on the aircraft in near-real-time. Data rates in excess of 1 Gbps, using other than RF links (specifically laser communication), will be needed to exploit sensor capabilities, as well as to reduce RF spectrum saturation, in the near term.
Swarms of UA carry additional communications needs. Effective distributed operations require a battlefield network of sensor-to-sensor, sensor-to-shooter, and UA-to-UA communications to allocate sensor targets and priorities and to position aircraft where needed. While the constellation of sensors and aircraft needs to be visible to operators, human oversight of a large number of UA operating in combat must be reduced to the minimum necessary to prosecute the information war. Automated target search and recognition will transfer initiative to the aircraft, and a robust, anti-jam communications network that protects against hostile reception of data is a crucial enabler of UA swarming.
To effectively address the aforementioned issues, fully and rapidly integrating UA and their payloads (sensors) into the GIG is paramount. OIF provides the best example of this combat need, as demonstrated with the rapid development and fielding of the ROVER terminal family, enabling the AC-130 Gunship and dismounted ground units to directly receive Predator motion video. The communications issue is addressed in Appendix C of this Roadmap; however, to facilitate this integration sensors should be designed with GIG directed concepts and standards in mind. This implies migrating away from proprietary data formats, sensor control methods, and analog electrical interfaces, and adopting on-sensor generated digital data, formatted for transmission/reception over IPv6 networks, common, network- enabled electrical interfaces, such as Gigabit Ethernet, and adoption of standardized sensor control messages, such as the Future Combat Systems’ (FCS) in-development Sensor Interface Protocol (SIP). Services (labs) and industry should be encourage to demonstrate a truly IPv6 compliant motion video sensor system, to include indigenous generation of digitally formatted HD video in an IP compliant video format, using a standardized network interface..
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无人机系统路线图 Unmanned Aircraft Systems Roadmap(105)
