无人机系统路线图 Unmanned Aircraft Systems Roadmap(166)

曝光台 注意防骗 网曝天猫店富美金盛家居专营店坑蒙拐骗欺诈消费者

REGULATION
Regulation: Air Traffic Operations. The FAA's air traffic regulations are meant to ensure the multitude of aircraft flown in the NAS are operated safely and pose no hazard to people or property on the ground or in the air. FAA’s air traffic management focus is on the day-to-day operation of the system and the safe, expeditious movement of air traffic.  Aircraft are separated by time, altitude, and lateral distance.  Additionally, classes of airspace are established that include specific requirements for aircraft equipage, pilot qualifications and flight plan filing.  Regardless of the class of airspace aircraft are operating in, pilots are required to S&A other air traffic. This requirement exists even when ground controllers provide traffic advisories, or where an onboard collision avoidance system, such as the Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance System (TCAS), is required.  S&A is a key issue in allowing UA into civilian airspace and is discussed in detail in a following Section.
APPENDIX F – AIRSPACE
Page F-2

100  1,000 10,000 100,000
Cumulative Flight Hours
FIGURE F-2: U.S. MILITARY AIRCRAFT AND UA CLASS A MISHAP RATES (LIFETIME), 1986-2003.
There are six defined classes of airspace in the U.S. that are controlled in various degrees by the ATC infrastructure. Because these classes are referenced throughout this document, a brief discussion is useful.
.  
Class A airspace exists from Flight Level (FL) 180 (18,000 feet Mean Sea Level (MSL)) to FL600 (60,000 feet MSL). Flights within Class A airspace must be under Instrument Flight Rules (IFR) and under the control of ATC at all times.

.  
Class B airspace surrounds several major airports (generally up to 10,000 feet MSL) to reduce mid-air collision potential by requiring ATC control of IFR and VFR (Visual Flight Rules) flights in that airspace.

.  
Class C airspace surrounds busy airports (generally up to 4,000 feet AGL) that do not need Class B airspace protection, and requires flights to establish and maintain two-way communications with ATC while in that airspace.  ATC provides radar separation service to flights in Class C airspace. 

.  
Class D airspace surrounds airports (generally up to 2,500 feet AGL) that have an operating control tower. Flights in Class D airspace must establish and maintain communications with ATC, but VFR flights do not receive separation service.  

.  
Class E airspace is all other airspace in which IFR and VFR flights are allowed.  Although Class E airspace can extend to the surface, it generally begins at 1200 feet AGL, or 14,500 MSL, and extends upward until it meets a higher class of airspace (A-D). It is also above FL600.

.  
Class G airspace (there is no Class F airspace in the U.S.) is also called uncontrolled airspace because ATC does not control aircraft there. Class G airspace can extend to 14,499 feet MSL, but generally exists below 1200 feet AGL, and below Class E airspace.  
　
中国航空网 www.aero.cn
航空翻译 www.aviation.cn
本文链接地址：无人机系统路线图 Unmanned Aircraft Systems Roadmap(166)