2.7 UAS WORLDWIDE GROWTH
2.7.1 Foreign UAS Development
Currently, some 32 nations are developing or manufacturing more than 250 models of UA (see Figure 2.7-1); 41 countries operate some 80 types of UA, primarily for reconnaissance. Table 2.7-1 categorizes selected foreign UA and can be used to identify mission capabilities either complementing or not being performed by current U.S. UA. Knowledge of such niches allows U.S. planners to rely on and better integrate the unique capabilities of coalition UA assets in certain contingencies. The one niche common to a number of other countries but missing in the U.S. is a survivable penetrator, for use in high threat environments. France and Germany have employed CL-289s with success in Bosnia and Kosovo, Russia’s VR-3 Reys may be succeeded soon by the Tu-300, and Italy’s new Mirach 150 supports its corps-level intelligence system. All are essentially jet engines with cameras attached which fly at low altitude at high subsonic speed to increase their survivability.
SECTION 2 - CURRENT UA PROGRAMS
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TABLE 2.7-1. CLASSES OF WORLDWIDE MILITARY RECONNAISSANCE UAS.
Tactical Specialized Endurance
Country Over-the-Hill Close Range Maritime Penetrating Medium Rng Long Rng
United States Dragon Eye FPASS, Raven Hunter Shadow Pioneer Fire Scout J-UCAS Predator Global Hawk
France Tracker Crecerelle MCMM CL-289 Neuron Eagle 1 MALE
Germany Luna Brevel Seamos CL-289 Eurohawk
United Kingdom Phoenix Hermes 180 J-UCAS Hermes 450
Italy Mirach 26 Falco Mirach 150 Neuron Predator
Israel Scout/Searcher Hermes 450 Heron
Russia Shmel/Yak-61 VR-3 Reys VR-2 Strizh
Systems not yet fielded are italicized.
2.7.2 Export Policy
The sale of U.S.-manufactured UAS to foreign militaries offers the triple advantages of 1) supporting the
U.S. industrial base for UAS, 2) potentially lowering the unit costs of UAS to the Services, and 3) ensuring interoperability by equipping allied forces with mutually compatible systems. Balanced against these advantages, however, are two areas of concern. The first concern is the potential for transfer of critical technology. This is mitigated by export license reviews and establishment of UAS disclosure/reliability policy guidance. The second concern is that an UA capable of carrying a given weight of reconnaissance sensors and data links on a round trip could be modified to carry an equal weight of advanced weapons twice that distance on a one-way mission. As the range, accuracy, and payload capacity of UA have overtaken those of cruise missiles and some ballistic missiles, controlling their proliferation has become a concern. UA fall under the terms of the Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR), an informal and voluntary political agreement among 33 countries to control the proliferation of unmanned rocket and aerodynamic systems capable of delivering weapons of mass destruction (see Table 2.7-2). MTCR makes no distinction in terms of payload (weaponized vs. non-weaponized). Predator, Predator B, and Global Hawk fall under Category I definitions (vehicles capable of carrying 500 kg of payload to a range of 300 km) of the MTCR and therefore are subject to a strong presumption of denial for export under the existing agreement. The U.S. Defense and State Departments drafted an updated interim policy to the MTCR in late 2001 to allow UA (including J-UCAS) exports to selected countries on a case-by-case basis. The policy was used effectively to facilitate the sale of a non-weaponized Predator system to Italy in 2001.
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