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NATO ISR Interoperability Architecture
The NATO ISR interoperability architecture includes a number of standards that are applicable to ISR systems. These standards cover the critical interfaces in the ISR data chain. It should be noted that while these standards are published by NATO, they were all initiated by U.S. activities, and in many cases are directly compatible with current U.S. standards.
STANAG 4545 (Secondary Imagery Format)
A still imagery format has been in place since the late 1980s. The original format was developed for national imagery and was given the name: national imagery transmission format (NITF). NITF 2.1 (MIL-STD 2500B change notice 2) is the current version of the standard and is equivalent to the NATO Secondary Imagery Format (NSIF - STANAG 4545). Over the years the format has been extended to airborne imagery. The standard addresses still imagery taken from EO/IR/Radar sensors.
NITF/NSIF also prescribes the compression standards for this imagery. JPEG is the primary compression used for imagery but there are other compression standards that may be used for specific and unique applications (e.g. lossless JPEG, vector quantization). NIMA has proposed the implementation of JPEG 2000 in a next version of the NITF/NSIF standard. JPEG 2000 should support new CONOPS for how NITF/NSIF is to be used. NITF/NSIF also implements data extensions to support the transmission of GMTI data. This extension is unique but was developed to enhance interoperability through the use of an existing standard and applications. The extension is based on the GMTI STANAG 4607.
It should be noted that both NITF and NSIF are being migrated to a common international standard. ISO/IEC 12087-5, the basic image interchange format (BIIF) was created as a superset of NITF/NSIF. NATO has developed a profile of BIIF that matches the current requirements identified in NITF/NSIF and the profile has been ratified and published by ISO.
All UA systems supporting still imagery (EO/IR/MSI/HSI/radar) will comply with the most recent version of NITF/NSIF.
APPENDIX E – INTEROPERABILITY STANDARDS
Page E-9
STANAG 4559 (Standard Image Library Interface)
This standard establishes the requirements for interfacing to heterogeneous imagery libraries. Image Libraries supporting NATO will provide imagery, geospatial information, and product storage mechanisms, which allow users to determine the availability of data and products, and provide the tools to access and retrieve them in a timely manner. A standard interface will enable users to quickly find an image, or information needed to conduct rapid operational missions. Image libraries and the NSIL Interface are envisioned as an augmentation to existing RFI procedures and not as a replacement. There may exist policies (Host Nation) or security and operational restrictions that impose limits on user access. However, technical interfaces will support all authorized users with access to imagery information. The overall goal is for intelligence analysts, imagery analysts, cartographers, mission planners, simulations and operational users, from NATO countries, to have access, from a single workstation, to needed information in a timely manner.
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