APPENDIX J – UNMANNED GROUND VEHICLES
Page J-11
UAS ROADMAP 2005
UAS ROADMAP 2005
APPENDIX K: SURVIVABILITY
OVERVIEW
As UA use proliferates into an ever-increasing sphere of combat applications and becomes progressively more important to the war fighter, mission effectiveness and by extension combat survivability becomes increasingly critical. It is thus imperative that the survivability of a UA is a key consideration during the system design process. Unmanned aircraft are but one component within an unmanned aircraft system UAS). To address the survivability of only the UA only partially addresses the survivability of the total system, although, at the present time, the emphasis on UAS survivability is focused on reducing the susceptibility of the aircraft. Future efforts should concentrate on reducing the total system susceptibility and vulnerability.
Terms specific to UA Survivability
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Survivability. The capability of an aircraft to avoid or withstand a man-made hostile environment
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Susceptibility. The inability of an aircraft to avoid the threats in a man-made hostile environment
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Vulnerability. The inability of an aircraft to withstand a man-made hostile environment.
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Expendable. The UA is minimally survivable. Loss of the UA has minimal cost and operational impact; the UA can be quickly replaced or is not critical to operational success.
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Attritable. The UA is somewhat survivable. Loss of the UA will have moderate cost and/or operational impact, but the operational benefits outweigh the potential risks.
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Survivable. The UA is highly survivable. Loss of the UA will have a significant cost and/or operational impact.
UA SURVIVABILITY IN COMBAT
UA have been used in combat since 1944 when the TDR-1 assault drone, guided by a pilot in the loop using television, was used to drop bombs on Japanese positions in the Pacific. Its operating unit lost three out of 50 aircraft during its two months of service due to hostile fire. Later, during the Vietnam War, the AQM-34 was used to collect reconnaissance data. Limited data from 1964-1989 show UA combat loss rates of 3.9/year during the Vietnam conflict (1964-69), 4.5/year in the Bekka Valley conflict (1981-82) and 1/year over the period of the Angolan Border War (1983-87).
A more complete data set, including non-combat losses, is available for the period of 1991-2003, which covers the major conflicts Desert Storm (1991), Allied Force (1999) and OEF and OIF (2001-2003). Over that 13-year period 185 UA losses were recorded, an average of 14.2 per year. Considering the specific periods of major conflict; 20 RQ-2 Pioneer UA were lost in Desert Storm over a period of less than a year, 18 were combat losses and two were non-combat losses. In Operation Allied Force in Kosovo, 45 UA of various types were lost. Of the 45 losses, 26 were combat and 19 were non-combat. Data available from OEF and OIF over the period of 2001-2003 show a substantial decrease in UA loss rates, with an average of 2.0 combat losses and 2.7 non-combat losses per year over the three-year period.
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