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from English [6]).
2. ATC conducted in second language and everything else
in first language (Aeroméxico MD80 international
operations in the US, for example).
3. All aspects conducted in second language (non-native
English speakers operating in an English speaking
context. For example, a German speaker flying for an
airline based in Luxembourg, or a Punjabi speaker flying
for a Canadian Airline).
Much more complex patterns are also common.
THE ECOLOGY OF LANGUAGE USE IN JAPANESE
AILINES
In order to illustrate the complexity of language use in the
international airline flight deck, we will now describe some
ways that Japanese pilots flying the Boeing 777 shape their
practices to meet the needs of flying.
In Japanese airlines, most utterances in the flight deck
(revenue flights) are produced in Japanese. English is used
only for communication with ATC, reading text that arrives in
the flight deck in English (for example, the text of electronic
checklists displays, ACARS 2 messages, and dispatch
paperwork), and some technical call-outs such as “V one,”
“Flaps five,” and “Push Autopilot”. All other utterances, for
example conversations about how to fly an approach, where
2 Aircraft Communications Addressing and Reporting
System. This is a means of delivering text messages from
ground stations to the flight deck where they can be
displayed on a screen and/or printed out on paper.
traffic or weather are located, how the airplane is performing,
as well as informal conversations, public address messages to
the cabin (on domestic routes), communication with cabin
crew, and communications with company personnel, are
conducted in Japanese. Japanese is also used to strengthen
social relationships among crew members. For example, every
trip begins with a briefing in which the flight and cabin crew
gather in the airplane. They introduce themselves to one
another and discuss the day’s flight in Japanese. Status
differences are marked in these briefings and throughout the
flight in forms of address, body language, and in choice of
speaking register.
Table 1: Takeoff briefing conducted in one carrier in Japan.
Speaker Original Speech Translated Speech
1. PF: では、Takeoff briefing やります。 Then, Let's do Takeoff briefing.
2. PM: はい。 OK.
Let’s see. Weather information, Quebec, roger. Well, using runway
three-four right. {Yes}. (We have) already checked the performance
before. Uhhh, one-five-one-one, braking action, poor.
3. PF:
{PM}:
えー、weather information、Quebec 了解。えー、using
runway three-four right。{はい}。先ほどperformance 確認
しました。えー、いちーごーいちいち、braking action、poor。
Some activities are conducted almost exclusively in Japanese,
but in other activities Japanese and English are thoroughly
intermixed. Table 1 is a transcript of a takeoff briefing
conducted by a captain and first officer (FO) in a simulator
training session. The first part of the table shows what the
pilots said and the second part provides a translation into
English. Numbers in brackets [ ] represent silent seconds,
braces { } indicate the other speaker’s remarks, and
parenthesis ( ) indicate the addition of features that are usually
omitted in Japanese language. Underlined words are numbers,
bold font letters are information presented on displays or
papers in the pilots’ visual field, and italic letters in the
translated speech table represent remarks spoken in Japanese
in the original speech table. Comparing the original speech
and translated speech columns, readers can appreciate the
differences in lexicon and syntactic structure between the two
えー、五十九万八千pound。{はい}。ということで、plan
weight とほぼ同様と。えー、fuel minus 百
Well, five hundred and ninety-eight thousand pounds. {Yes}. So, (it) is
almost the same as plan weight. Ah... fuel is minus one-hundred, though,
{Yes}, it is recovered now, and about twenty-two thousands, {Yes},
order fuel is the same. {Yes}. Well, performance, check. Uhh, TOKYO
HANEDA is, uhh.., above take-off, ahh, below landing minimum {Yes}.
NARITA is [2 seconds] ahh taken as a takeoff alternate {Yes}.
ですけれども、{は
い}現在recover して、まぁ二万二千{はい}、order fuel、同
様。{はい} えー、performance、check。えー、TOKYO
HANEDA は、えー、above take off、えー、below landing
minimum {はい}。Takeoff alternate はNARITA、{はい} [2
seconds] えー、とります。
Ahh, wind is two hundred fifty degree ten knots, isn't it? {Yes}. Twonine-
eight-nine, set. Well, no NOTAM. Ahh.., from number seven
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