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page 55 of 60
gest of all northern hemisphere icebergs was observed in the western part of Baffin Bay and was estimated
to be around 9 billion tons (which if melted would provide each person on Earth with four litres of drinking
water every day a whole year). However big, still a moderate ice cube compared to the biggest Antarctic
iceberg ever observed; that monster consisted of around 1400 billion tons of freshwater ice!
The ice giants from West Greenland s glaciers float with the sea currents and melt away rather slowly. The
waterways lead the icebergs westwards to the east coast of Baffin Island and then southwards. Only 1 out
of 100 icebergs makes it as far south as St. Johns, Newfoundland (48 N) and even fewer will rarely last
long enough to drift all the way down to Bermuda (32 N), a voyage of at least 4500 km.
Cold, colder, coldest
During the long and dark evenings of mid winter there are ample opportunities to reminisce the old days
when winters were tough with a frigid freeze months on end and thick carpets of snow everywhere. However,
even nowadays there are places in the Polar regions where you can still have bitterly cold adventures.
In the austral winter of 1997 (actually our northern summer) the air temperature at the Russian research
station Vostok in Antarctica hit the all times lowest low: ÷91° C !! In that kind of extreme weather it is absolutely
unhealthy to be outdoors. Under normal circumstances Vostok is just freezing cold, sporting an annual
mean air temperature of ÷55,1° C, and this place offers the researchers and technicians hefty challenges
when they have to tend their daily outdoor chores.
Well, Siberia is another good destination if one is obsessed with deep cold. The tiny Siberian settlement of
Oymyakon has seen the air temperature plummet to ÷71,2° C, so the cold pole outside the Polar regions
is deep in the taiga of Yakutia at 69°02 N / 141°13 E. But do not assume that the inhabitants of this chilled
village are inactive !
To celebrate this freezing event, Yakutia s Ministry for Business, Tourism and Employment every year in
the end of March
hosts the festival Frost Pole . During these coldest days in Oymyakon the local Santa
Claus House is open and the Finnish Santa Claus from Lapland personally attends the opening of his colleague
s dwelling. The two Santas accompany the Yakutian Frost Lord Chiskhaan and Father Frost from
Veliky Ustyug. The international tourism festival Frost Pole has been held in Oymyakon since 2001.
Greenland s Ice Sheet takes a distinguished bronze medal in the global cold race. On 9 January 1954, the
British winter station Northice at 78°N / 38°W reported an air temperature of no less than ÷66° C. Summit
, the U.S. permanent research and monitoring station at the top of the Ice Sheet, has recorded ÷63,3° C
the second lowest temperature registered in Greenland. The third coldest place in Greenland is Station
Nord with ÷51,1° C as the lowest.
Those temperatures can, indeed, be unpleasant enough in calm weather, but image the effect if it is windy.
In North America particularly, the chill factor is regularly calculated and used in weather warnings when
people have to be outdoors in a chilling combination of freezing temperatures and wind. On 28 January
1989, when the air was ÷47,8° C in Prudhoe Bay (on the north coast of Alaska) and the wind was howling at
30 knots (16 m/s), the chill factor set an all time record: This dangerous cocktail was felt by people outdoors
as ÷92,8° C !!
The lowest possible conceivable temperature is ÷273,15° C. At this absolute zero, microscopic constituents
such as atoms and molecules stop their motions. It is the ultimate cold. In effect, every bit of heat is
squeezed out of the system. Absolute zero is approximately ÷460° Fahrenheit and it is by definition 0°
Kelvin. This temperature is assumed to fill the intergalactic space, but probably the coldest of cold environments
anywhere is in the core of the experimental setup in the lab of Professor Lene Vestergaard Hau at
Harvard University. Here light experiments are taking place at a temperature of only a few micro-Kelvins
above the absolute zero.
Danish Polar Center
IPY Service Manual for Kangerlussuaq 2008
version 1 June 2008
Compiled and written by Henning Thing (het@fi.dk)
Danish Polar Center Danish Agency for Science, Technology and Innovation
page 56 of 60
Well, Greenland actually plays a minor role in the second highest temperature ever recorded on Earth. On a
bright and sunny July day in 1913 +56,7° C was recorded in California s Death Valley at a place called
Greenland Ranch !
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