Developing Advanced Crew Resource Management (ACRM) Training: A Training Manual(45)

Other topics could be included in this module. One important topic is how to establish and maintain operational realism throughout the session. A primary goal of LOFT/LOE administration is to allow the crew to perform as they would in an actual line flight given the same set of circumstances as those developed in the scenario. Flight realism is supported through routine activities such as flight paperwork, manuals, and communications.
. Event sets help evaluators pinpoint key aspects of crew performance.
Another topic could address the need to be ready to accept and manage alternate courses of action that the crew may wish to follow while remaining as unobtrusive as possible within the physical limitations of the simulator. Some airlines have included appendices either in the guide or the LOFT/LOE script that present alternative crew actions and administrator considerations.

Assessing Crew Performance by Event Set
An important element of LOFT/LOE assessment under ACRM is the use of event sets to help instructor/evaluators pinpoint key aspects of crew performance (see Appendix F for some specific event set topics). Instructor/evaluators should be trained in the role of the event set as a tool to administer the LOFT/LOE session and as the primary unit of crew performance assessment in an LOE (Hamman, Seamster, Smith, & Lofaro, 1993). The event set is a refinement of the concept of event and is an integral part of training as well as assessment. The event set is made up of one or more events, including an event trigger, supporting conditions, and distracters. The event trigger is used to fully activate the event set. Supporting conditions are other events used primarily to maintain event set realism. Finally, a distracter may be inserted within the event set time in order to divert the crew’s attention or to increase their workload.
If instructors are not experienced in the use of event sets, they should be provided with information about the role of event sets in assessing crew performance. Event sets divide a LOFT/LOE session into a set of manageable elements leading to a structured evaluation process based on systematic and reliable observations and ratings. Each event set is designed to concentrate on specific CRM and technical training objectives and allows the instructor/evaluator to concentrate on a limited range of observable behaviors. There is evidence (Seamster, Edens, & Holt, 1995) that assessments made at the event set level result in more reliable assessments compared with the overall assessments that have been used at airlines.
Event sets are carefully design to support the instructor and evaluator functions. Although a LOFT/LOE session is more than just the sum of its event sets, a clear understanding of a scenario’s event sets is essential to a standard assessment of crew performance.
　
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