Developing Advanced Crew Resource Management (ACRM) Training: A Training Manual(44)

Developing LOFT/LOE Modules
. Crews should be briefed to act as they would in line operations.
Briefing the LOFT/LOE and ACRM
ACRM training emphasizes the use of LOFT and LOE in the training and assessment of crew performance. These modules about the instructor/evaluator conduct of the LOFT/LOE should provide the knowledge and some of the preliminary skills required to:
. Brief the LOFT/LOE.
. Administer the LOFT/LOE.
. Assessing crew performance.
. Debrief the LOE.
Instructor/evaluators should be provided the specific information to brief the LOFT and/or LOE that will be used for that year in training and assessing the effects of the new CRM procedures. A standard briefing and standard administration of the LOFT/LOE are very important because lack of standardization can affect crew performance. The role of the instructor and crews should be established during this briefing. Inadequate briefings often set the stage for problems that later interfere with operational realism.
The most common difficulty is a failure to convince the crew that the instructor/evaluator is not present as an instructor during the simulation. Rather, his or her role is to provide communication as ATC, company dispatch, flight attendant, maintenance, etc., as needed. Instructor/evaluators should brief crews to act as they would in a line operation, which includes dealing with everyone, including the Flight Attendants, as if they were actually present throughout the session.
. Careful scripting of the scenario details lead to LOFT/ LOE session effectiveness and realism.
In addition, consider providing instructor/evaluators with training on how to brief crews about some of the following topics:
. Overall objective of LOFT/LOE.
. The role of the new CRM procedures in the LOFT/LOE.
. The role of the instructor in the LOFT/LOE session.
. What is expected from the crew.
. The nature of crew performance and its assessment.

Administering the LOFT/LOE
The effectiveness of a LOFT/LOE relies on script detail and proper administration of that script during the simulator session. To accomplish this, the scenario should be carefully scripted, including ensuring that all ATC communications use correct terminology, timing, and routing. Precise communication scripting will enhance the realism of the session. Providing instructor/evaluators with one document to use in the simulator, and a more detailed document, such as a guide, to help them learn the new scrip and the rationale behind its key elements, is very useful.
If an airline decides to develop a guide, instructors should be provided with and trained on how to use it. The LOFT/LOE guide is an essential training and reference document that can provide detailed information on:
. . .
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Events and conditions for that phase of flight.
Alternate crew decisions besides the “expected” response.
Event set number, phase of flight, communications.
　
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