Developing Advanced Crew Resource Management (ACRM) Training: A Training Manual(114)

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The primary unit of both LOFT design and CRM assessment is the event set, a group of related events that comprise the scenario and are inserted into a LOFT session for specific training purposes. The event set is made up of one or more events, including an event trigger, a distracter, and conditions, the supporting events. The event trigger is the condition or conditions under which the event is fully activated specifying the focal problem the pilot/crew must deal with in the event set. The event trigger also functions as the focal point for the assessment of crew performance. The supporting events are other events taking place within the event set designed to further training objectives and add to overall scenario realism. Finally, the distracter is a condition inserted within the event set designed to divert the crew's attention from other events that are occurring, are about to occur, or to increase crew workload. Although distracters may not always add to the realism of the event set, they should not significantly detract from that realism.
Event sets allows the design team to present the appropriate degree of realism in the LOFT. Instead of focusing on a specific technical issue, the event set integrates the entire complex line environment (e.g., terrain, ATC, weather issues, etc.) to provide realism and relevance and evoke crew's performance in response to specified CRM and technical issues. The event set helps the LOFT designer to introduce operational realism through the specification of conditions within and across event sets. In addition, the event set helps the instructor to manage and assess the LOFT by making explicit the purpose of conditions such as terrain, ATC, and weather as they interact with other LOFT elements. With the LOFT scenario made up of one or more event sets, scenario validation and crew assessment is performed at the event set level rather than validating the overall LOFT scenario.
Table 1: LOFT/LOE Development Steps
STEP/SUBSTEP
1) Identification of Incidents and Primary CRM/Technical Objectives
1.1 Develop list of relevant incidents and events
1.2 Identify primary technical and CRM TPOs and SPOs
1.3 Identify related observable behaviors for the CRM categories
1.4 Specify observable behaviors, TPOs, and SPOs in a LOFT Outline

2) Development of LOFT Scenario Event Sets
2.1 Translate incidents into a LOFT Outline by identifying the event set(s) to include
event trigger, distracter, and supporting events.
2.2 Review and update the LOFT Outline to ensure a complete scenario
2.3 Prepare and administer the LOFT Check Form to ensure event sets are consistent
with the technical/CRM objectives and observable behaviors
2.4 Modify LOFT Outline based on LOFT Check Form results.

3) Validation of the LOFT Scenario
3.1 Expand the LOFT Outline into the LOFT Guide by adding the operational details to
include ATC, weather, airport information, etc.
3.2 Fly the LOFT Guide using at least two different crews taping the sessions for use in
　
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