getting to grips with aircraft performance 如何掌握飞机性能 1

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getting to grips with

aircraft performance

January 2002

TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION 9
A. GENERAL 11

1. THE INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ATMOSPHERE (ISA) 11
1.1. STANDARD ATMOSPHERE MODELING 11
1.1.1. TEMPERATURE MODELING 11
1.1.2. PRESSURE MODELING 13
1.1.3. DENSITY MODELING 15
1.2. INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ATMOSPHERE (ISA) TABLE 15

2. ALTIMETRY PRINCIPLES 17
2.1. GENERAL 17
2.2. DEFINITIONS 18
2.3. EFFECTS OF ALTIMETER SETTING AND TEMPERATURE 20
2.3.1. ALTIMETER SETTING CORRECTION 20
2.3.2. TEMPERATURE CORRECTION 20

3. OPERATING SPEEDS 23
3.1. CALIBRATED AIR SPEED (CAS) 23
3.2. INDICATED AIR SPEED (IAS) 24
3.3. TRUE AIR SPEED (TAS) 24
3.4. GROUND SPEED (GS) 24
3.5. MACH NUMBER 25
3.6. TRUE AIR SPEED (TAS) VARIATIONS 26

4. FLIGHT MECHANICS 27
B. AIRCRAFT LIMITATIONS 29
1. FLIGHT LIMITATIONS 29
1.1. LIMIT LOAD FACTORS 29
1.2. MAXIMUM SPEEDS 30
1.3. MINIMUM SPEEDS 31
1.3.1. MINIMUM CONTROL SPEED ON THE GROUND: VMCG 31
1.3.2. MINIMUM CONTROL SPEED IN THE AIR: VMCA 32
1.3.3. MINIMUM CONTROL SPEED DURING APPROACH AND LANDING: VMCL 33
1.3.4. MINIMUM UNSTICK SPEED: VMU 34

1.3.5. STALL SPEED 35
2. MAXIMUM STRUCTURAL WEIGHTS 37
2.1. AIRCRAFT WEIGHT DEFINITIONS 37
2.2. MAXIMUM STRUCTURAL TAKEOFF WEIGHT (MTOW) 39
2.3. MAXIMUM STRUCTURAL LANDING WEIGHT (MLW) 39
2.4. MAXIMUM STRUCTURAL ZERO FUEL WEIGHT (MZFW) 39
2.5. MAXIMUM STRUCTURAL TAXI WEIGHT (MTW) 40
3. MINIMUM STRUCTURAL WEIGHT 40
4. ENVIRONMENTAL ENVELOPE 40

5. ENGINE LIMITATIONS 41
5.1. THRUST SETTING AND EGT LIMITATIONS 41
5.2. TAKEOFF THRUST LIMITATIONS 42
C. TAKEOFF 43
1. INTRODUCTION 43
2. TAKEOFF SPEEDS 44
2.1. OPERATIONAL TAKEOFF SPEEDS 44
2.1.1. ENGINE FAILURE SPEED: VEF 44
2.1.2. DECISION SPEED: V1 44
2.1.3. ROTATION SPEED: VR 46
2.1.4. LIFT-OFF SPEED: VLOF 46
2.1.5. TAKEOFF CLIMB SPEED: V2 47
2.2. TAKEOFF SPEED LIMITS 48
2.2.1. MAXIMUM BRAKE ENERGY SPEED: VMBE 48
2.2.2. MAXIMUM TIRE SPEED: VTIRE 48
2.3. SPEED SUMMARY 48
3. RUNWAY LIMITATIONS 49
3.1. TAKEOFF DISTANCES 49
3.1.1. REGULATORY BACKGROUND 49
3.1.2. TAKEOFF DISTANCE (TOD) 50
3.1.3. TAKEOFF RUN (TOR) 52
3.1.4. ACCELERATE-STOP DISTANCE (ASD) 53
3.1.5. INFLUENCE OF V1 ON ACCELERATE-GO/STOP DISTANCES 55
3.2. AVAILABLE TAKEOFF LENGTHS 56
3.2.1. TAKEOFF RUN AVAILABLE (TORA) 56
3.2.2. TAKEOFF DISTANCE AVAILABLE (TODA) 56
　
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