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c. Do not touch or replace internal organs. Cover with a sterile, wet pad (or gladwrap),
do not apply pressure.
4.2.10 Fractures:
Support and Immobilise
a. Arms: Splint and strap to body;
b. Legs: Splint and strap together.
4.2.11 Burns:
Cool and Cover
a. Cool with water - 20 minutes
b. Do not remove material from wound
c. Cover with wet, sterile / non-stick dressing (or gladwrap)
4.2.12 Shock:
Casualty looks pale, skin feels cold and clammy
a. Lay conscious casualty on back, elevate legs
b. Maintain normal body temperature
c. Rest, reassure, no alcohol or drugs
4.2.13 Minor Wounds
Treat all minor wounds including scratches and cuts (prevent infection)
4.2.14 Dehydration:
Dark / pungent urine requires an increase in fluid intake
a. Rest in shade and cool
b. Drink fluids (water is best) - not alcohol / caffeine
4.3 Acute Care
4.3.1 Snakebite:
a. Victim must remain calm. Use pressure Immobilisation Technique.
b. Firmly bandage whole limb. Start atop bite site then bandage limb upwards.
c. Bandage firm but not so tight as to cut off circulation.
d. Do not allow casualty to move - must remain still.
e. Splint the limb, immobilising as you would a fracture.
f. Monitor ABC / level of consciousness & circulation to effected limb.
4.3.2 Carbon Monoxide (CO) Poisoning:
a. Remove casualty to fresh air - Casualties skin colour may sometimes look normal;
b. If available give concentrated oxygen;
c. Symptoms may include; headache, nausea, drowsiness, confusion;
d. CO is a colourless, odourless, tasteless gas.
4.4 Desert Survival
4.4.1 Immediate Action:
a. Activate ELT immediately: and
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b. Rest in solid shade 0.3M above ground. (Do not use aircraft interior, if no shade is
available then erect a shelter)
4.4.2 Desert Survival Rules:
Note: With temperatures above 30DEG C most of the body's water loss is through
sweating. The body sweats to cool itself. Survivors must reduce body heat gains to
minimise sweating and then procure water at night. Night temperatures may be cold.
a. Rest in shade 0.3M above or below ground. Avoid gaining heat from ground
conduction or hot air layer above ground.
b. Do essential work when sun down and temperature has dropped to about 20DEG
C;
c. Stay fully clothed. A single loose layer of clothing minimises heat gains and maximises
sweat cooling;
d. Ration water to stay hydrated. Check colour of urine. Dehydrating will impair
performance and does not decrease water consumption;
e. Eat only carbohydrates. Extra water will be needed to excrete wastes from
metabolising proteins and fats
f. Do not travel unless sure of water.Walking in sun instead of resting in shade will at
least halve survival time.
4.4.3 Water Procurement:
Sterilise all water sources except plastic bag procurement methods. Instructions for setting
up water procurement devices are contained with water transpirator bags.
a. TRANSPIRATOR BAGS: Best water procurement device, set up immediately;
b. DESERT STILL: Set up at night;
c. DEW/RAIN;
d. PLANTS: Unreliable source, look for damp patches on trees and insect life; and
e. GROUND WATER: Some indicators are terrain, birdlife, vegetation, animal tracks
and insects.Water may exist in rock pools in hills as well as underground, in low
lying creek areas.
4.5 Sea Survival
4.5.1 Immediate Action:
a. Secure and deploy raft.
b. Activate ELT immediately.
c. Gather useful equipment and board raft (dry if possible).
d. Roll call - locate missing persons.
e. Cut adrift, tie rafts together on 8M line and secure one man to raft.
f. Check raft, adjust sea anchor length to half distance between waves, and in cold
weather inflate floor and canopy.
g. Retrieve, secure (to prevent loss if capsized) and inventory equipment.
h. Develop a plan of action.
i. Elect a leader, allocate duties.
4.5.2 Allocation of Duties
A fully loaded liferaft is cramped and uncomfortable.
a. Rotate duties.
b. Exercise, keep occupied and work as a team to minimise discomfort.
c. Allocation of duties should include, lookouts with location aids, raft maintenance,
maintaining water devices and food procurement.
d. Plan pyrotechnic operations to avoid damaging raft.
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4.6 Essential Rules For Sea Survival - If Short of Water.
a. Ration water to stay hydrated.Water should not be required for first day if uninjured.
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