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4.1 INTRODUCTION
4.1.1 Alone and injured, people have survived in almost impossible circumstances. The
determination to beat the situation and the will to survive is the survivor's strongest
weapons. Military SAR will not give up searching for downed aircrew.
4.1.2 The peacetime priorities of survival are listed below:
a. PROTECTION: The elements of protection are:
(i) First Aid - breathing must be restarted within 3 minutes;
(ii) Clothing;
(iii) Shelter - in harsh weather a shelter will be required in less than 3 hours; and
(iv) Fire.
b. LOCATION: Most survivors are located within 3 days.
c. WATER: In Australia's arid centre water must be found within 3 days.
d. FOOD: Survival without food for at least 30 days is possible. Therefore, food is the
lowest priority. Food information is contained in the JUNGLE SURVIVAL section.
4.1.3 Basic survival rules are outlined in the following sections:
a. First Aid;
b. Desert Survival;
c. Sea Survival;
d. Jungle Survival;
e. Cold Weather Survival; and
f. Location.
4.1.4 Rapidly adapt to the new situation - DO NOT WASTE TIME. Even if SAR is expected
quickly develop a plan of action that will assist SAR and improve living conditions. Start
working to beat the situation as soon as possible.
4.2 First Aid
4.2.1 FIRST AID KITS IN AIRCRAFT LOW CAPACITY AIRCRAFT LESS THAN 30 PAX
Recommended Contents
Quantity Item
1 First Aid Manual
1 Airway Tube
1 4" Scissors
5 Safety Pins
1 Single Edge Blade
2 pair Disposable Gloves
© Airservices Australia, 2005 Licensed to: Preview Licence MyAIP678901234567890 SeqId
EMERGENCY PROCEDURES 24-Nov-2005 EMERG - 17
1 Triangular Bandage
3 White Open Weave Bandages 7.5CM
3 Plain Wound Dressings No. 9
1 pkt Elastoplast Miscellaneous Dressings
10 Sterile Strip Sutures
1 Micropore 2 inch tape
2 Eye Pads No. 16
2 Crepe Bandages 6"
1 pkt White Lint Gauze
1 pkt 15G Cotton Wool
2 pcs Vaseline Impregnated Gauze
1 150ML Eye Irrigation Liquid
2 pkts Savlodil Antiseptic Solution
1 tube Antiseptic Cream
1 tube Calamine Cream 50G
10 Panadeine CO Tablets
10 Soluble Aspirin Tablets
1 pkt Band-Aids
4.2.2 First Aid - Adults
a. Reassure the casualty.
b. Always monitor ABC (See para 4.2.5)/ level of consciousness in every case.
c. Give Oxygen.
d. Aviation Rescue Fire Fighting provide: First Aid response, Oxygen & Defibrillation.
4.2.3 The Chain of Survival
a. Early access to emergency services
b. Early CPR to buy time for defibrillation
c. Early defibrillation to revert heart back to a normal rhythm
d. Early advanced life support for drug administration and advanced airway management
4.2.4 Danger
a. Protect yourself, then others, then the casualty.
b. If unsafe - remain clear.
c. Move casualty only to prevent further injury / allow urgent treatment
4.2.5 Response / ABC
Is the casualty conscious? Check ABC.
a. Airway - must be clear and open. Roll onto side only if there is a need to clear the
airway
b. Breathing - Mouth to Mask / Mouth / Nose. 10-12 inflations per/minute. If avail, use
Oxygen
c. Circulation
(i) Check pulse at neck. If absent, or unsure if absent, start chest compressions,
80 -100 per minute.
(ii) One & Two operator CPR: 15 compressions / 2 breaths (5-6 cycles per minute).
(iii) If unconscious and breathing more than 10 times per minute with chest raise
and fall, place in a stable side position
d. Monitor pulse, respirations, maintain ABC.
4.2.6 Head Injury
a. Lay with injured side down, if possible
b. Do not give drugs, water or food
4.2.7 Stop Bleeding
a. Apply direct pressure to wound with gloved hands / bandages;
© Airservices Australia, 2005 Licensed to: Preview Licence MyAIP678901234567890 SeqId
EMERGENCY PROCEDURES 24-Nov-2005 EMERG - 18
b. If direct pressure insufficient, use a broad bandage to apply constrictive pressure at
top of effected limb.
c. Do not remove embedded objects. Use a ring pad around protrusions.
d. Elevate the limb unless broken;
e. Tourniquets not used.
4.2.8 Chest Injury
a. Cover sucking chest wounds with a non porous bandage sealed on three sides (acts
as one-way valve). If casualty becomes worse, remove the non-porous bandage;
b. Immobilise unstable chest by circumferential bandaging - firm not tight.
c. Posture casualty: Half-sitting with injured side down, if possible.
d. Do not give pain killers
4.2.9 Wounds
a. Use clean / sterile dressings
b. Do not remove embedded objects, use a ring pad around protrusions
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