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the CASA Civil Aviation Regulations (CARs) and the Civil Aviation
Orders (CAOs) applicable to aircraft, except for the differences
listed in GEN 1.7.
OPERATIONS IN CONTROLLED AIRSPACE
2. GENERAL
2.1 This section sets out the pilot action and related ATS activity in civil
and military controlled airspace.
2.2 For flight in close proximity to the boundary of controlled airspace,
separation is not provided with traffic operating outside controlled
airspace.
3. AIR TRAFFIC CLEARANCES AND INSTRUCTIONS
3.1 Except in an emergency, a clearance is required for all flights in
classes A, C, D and GAAP airspace, and Restricted areas. In
Class E airspace, a clearance is required for IFR flights unless operating
in accordance with IFR Pick-up procedure. A clearance is
not required for VFR flights in Class E airspace.
Note: Special requirements apply to Parachute Jumping Operations
in Class E airspace – refer ENR 5.5 Section 2.
3.2 Where the airspace classification and flight rules require, an aircraft
must not enter controlled airspace without a clearance. The
pilot is responsible for obtaining a clearance and, once obtained,
must not amend a planned route, deviate from the cleared track, or
change level without obtaining ATC approval. When determining
where the clearance request will be made, the pilot should consider
aircraft performance, the possibility of frequency congestion
if the airspace is known to be busy, the possibility of changes to
route and/or level, and the possible delays that might be incurred
when clearances have to be coordinated with adjacent ATC sectors.
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3.3 All flights operating in classes E and G airspace requesting a clearance
to operate in classes A, C, D or E airspace must advise position,
level and tracking details when making first contact with ATC.
3.4 Within VHF radio coverage, pilots must maintain continuous communications
with ATC when operating in classes A, C and D airspace,
as must pilots of IFR flights in Class E airspace. Further,
when in Class E airspace, pilots of VFR flights should monitor the
ATS frequency appropriate to their area of operation.
3.5 When communication facilities permit, clearances will be passed
direct to pilots by ATC.
3.6 The clearance authorises flight in the specified manner to the first
point at which the flight leaves controlled airspace, or, if completely
in controlled airspace, to the first landing point.
3.7 An air traffic clearance proposed by ATC does not relieve the pilot
from complying with statutory requirements nor from the responsibility
for the ultimate safety of the aircraft.
3.8 If considered necessary, a pilot should request a different clearance
from that issued. In an emergency, a pilot may act without a
clearance and immediately advise ATC.
3.9 A pilot must advise ATC immediately if issued a clearance which
requires the use of navigation aids not available to the aircraft, or
the pilot is not qualified to use.
3.10 ATC is responsible for issuing clearances that will enable an aircraft
to remain within controlled airspace if the pilot has planned to
do so. If a pilot is in doubt that the clearance will keep the aircraft in
controlled airspace, ATC should be advised and an alternative
clearance may be requested.
3.11 A pilot, desiring to retain control area protection during climb or descent
in Class C or Class D airspace, should maintain at least
500FT above the lower limit of the CTA steps.
3.12 A control instruction issued after a clearance is obtained amends
the appropriate item in the clearance. When there is any change in
the clearance limit and/or route specified in the initial clearance, a
completely new clearance will be issued.
3.13 Whenever a restriction or requirement has been imposed, and,
subsequently, a further restriction/requirement is imposed, the
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subsequent instruction will cancel all previous restrictions/requirements
unless:
a. all restrictions/requirements are restated; or
b. the subsequent instruction is prefixed “FURTHER REQUIREMENT”.
3.14 At a controlled aerodrome, clearance for operation in an adjoining
control area is given before departure.
3.15 If proposing to fly into a control area from an aerodrome located so
close to the entry point that making a full position report before
entry is not practicable, a clearance should be requested:
a. at a convenient time before entering the runway for take-off at
an aerodrome where communication can readily be established
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