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The order of precision is Localizer, VOR, then NDB/Locator.
19.4.4 When track guidance is provided by radio navigation aids, but
navigation is by an approved self-contained navigation system or
long range radio navigation system, the pilot must maintain track
as defined by the most accurate radio navigation aid available.
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ENR (EN ROUTE) A/L 45 effective 24 NOV 05
19.4.5 RNAV systems suitable for approval are based on GPS or Inertial
reference. When navigation is by an approved RNAV system,
autopilot coupling to the RNAV system, if available, should be
used whenever practicable.
19.5 Position Fixing
19.5.1 A positive radio fix is one determined by the passage of the aircraft
over:
a. a NDB; or
b. a VOR station; or
c. a DME; or
d. is one determined by GPS meeting the equipment and pilot requirements
of GEN 1.5 Section 8.; or
e. is one determined by the intersection of two or more position
lines which intersect with angles of not less than 45° and which
are obtained from NDBs, VORs, Localizers or DMEs in any
combination.
For the purpose of this paragraph, a position line must be within
the rated coverage of the aid with the exception that if a fix is determined
entirely by position lines from NDBs, the position lines must
be within a range of 30NM from each of the NDBs.
19.6 Aircraft Off-Track in Controlled Airspace – Advice to ATC
19.6.1 In controlled airspace, separation standards are based on the pilot
maintaining track as closely as possible at all times. Corrective action
must be taken to regain track as soon as any deviation is observed.
19.6.2 Additionally, the pilot must immediately notify ATC if the aircraft is
found to be off-track by any of the deviations described below:
a. where track guidance is provided by a localizer or VOR – halfscale
deflection or more of the Course Deviation Indicator
(CDI);
b. where track guidance is provided by NDB or Locator – ±5° or
more from the specified bearing;
c. where track guidance is provided by DME – ±2NM or more
from the required arc;
d. where track guidance is provided by an RNAV system – an indicated
cross-track deviation of ±2NM or more; and
e. when navigating by visual reference to the ground or water –
more than 1NM from the cleared track.
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ENR (EN ROUTE) A/L 45 effective 24 NOV 05
Note: The values given above must not be interpreted as defining
a sector within which the pilot is permitted to navigate.
19.7 Diversion from Track
19.7.1 In controlled airspace, any diversion from track requires prior
clearance from ATC, except in emergency. The values given in
paras 19.6 and 19.11 must not be interpreted as tolerances within
which diversions from track without clearance are permitted.
19.8 Diversions Due Weather
19.8.1 In controlled airspace, any diversion from track due weather requires
prior clearance from ATC. If out of radio contact and unable
to obtain a clearance, and the pilot in command considers the diversion
necessary, a PAN call specifying details of the diversion
must be broadcast on the appropriate frequencies.
19.9 Long Over-Water Flights
19.9.1 If an aircraft on a long over-water flight operating in oceanic Class
A airspace has inadvertently deviated from the route specified in
its ATC clearance, the pilot must take action to regain the cleared
route within 200NM from the position at which the deviation was
observed.
19.10 GPS – Operations Without RAIM
Note: Systems for providing integrity, other than RAIM, may be approved
for use by CASA. Where reference to RAIM occurs in this
GPS Section, it includes other approved equivalent integrity monitoring
systems.
19.10.1 GPS systems normally provide three modes of operation:
a. Navigation (Nav) Solution with RAIM;
b. 2D or 3D Nav Solution without RAIM; and
c. Dead Reckoning (DR), or Loss of Nav Solution.
19.10.2 ATS services, in particular aircraft separation, are predicated on
accurate aircraft navigation and position fixing. If RAIM is lost, the
accuracy of the GPS system is assumed not to meet the required
standard for navigation and, consequently, for the application of
RNAV separation standards by ATC. Accordingly, when RAIM is
lost, the following procedures must be adopted:
a. Aircraft tracking must be closely monitored against other onboard
navigation systems.
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ENR (EN ROUTE) A/L 45 effective 24 NOV 05
b. In controlled airspace, ATC must be advised if:
(1) RAIM is lost for periods greater than 10 minutes, even if
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