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but will not relate to movement on the apron areas. However,
available essential information referring to other aircraft entering
or leaving the same apron area will be provided.
16.9 Radio watch must be maintained on the SMC or tower frequency
(where no SMC frequency is provided) until parked.
17. OPERATIONS IN CLASS D AIRSPACE
17.1 Air Traffic Services
17.1.1 In Class D airspace, IFR and VFR flights are permitted and all
flights are provided with an air traffic control service. IFR flights are
separated from other IFR and Special VFR flights, and receive
traffic information in respect of VFR flights. VFR flights receive
traffic information in respect of all other flights. Special VFR flights
are separated from other Special VFR flights when visibility is less
than VMC.
17.1.2 ATC will provide instructions, clearances and other information to
pilots of VFR flights to facilitate traffic management and achieve
appropriate runway/wake turbulence standards.
17.1.3 Pilots of VFR flights are responsible for arranging their own wake
turbulence separation when operating in Class D airspace, except
when separation is being applied by ATC for aircraft during take-off
and landing.
17.1.4 At the boundary of Class D and Class C airspaces, all flights are
subject to the provision of Class D services.
18. OPERATIONS IN CLASS E AIRSPACE
18.1 ATC Traffic Services
18.1.1 In Class E airspace, IFR and VFR flights are permitted. IFR flights
are provided with an air traffic control service, are separated from
other IFR flights, and receive traffic information on VFR flights as
far as is practicable. VFR flights receive a Radar Information Service
(RIS) on request.
18.1.2 Traffic information services provided by ATC do not relieve pilots of
their responsibilities for continued vigilance to see-and-avoid
other aircraft.
GEN TOC ENR TOC AD TOC Index
ENR (EN ROUTE) A/L 45 effective 24 NOV 05
18.1.3 When radar vectors are provided to IFR flights in Class E airspace,
terrain clearance will be provided by ATC. However, in VMC by
day, pilots may be assigned responsibility for terrain clearance by
use of the phrase “DESCEND TO (level) / CLIMB TO (level)/
TURN RIGHT / TURN LEFT (degrees) VISUAL”.
18.2 In Class E airspace, the following also apply:
a. Hazard Alerts will be directed to pilots of IFR flights, and to pilots
of known VFR flights.
b. Unless operationally required by a pilot, ATC will only assign
IFR levels.
18.3 VFR Flights in Class E Airspace
18.3.1 VFR flights entering Class E airspace do not require a clearance,
but may receive a Radar Information Service (RIS) on request
(see GEN 3.3 sub-section 2.16).
18.3.2 VFR flights entering and operating in Class E airspace should:
a. avoid published IFR routes, where possible;
b. monitor the appropriate Class E frequency and announce if in
potential conflict; and
c. take appropriate action to avoid potential conflict.
18.3.3 Pilots of VFR flights should avoid IFR holding patterns.
GEN TOC ENR TOC AD TOC Index
ENR (EN ROUTE) A/L 45 effective 24 NOV 05
19. NAVIGATION REQUIREMENTS
19.1 Flight under the IFR
19.1.1 An aircraft operating under the IFR must be navigated by:
a. a full time licensed flight navigator, or
b. an approved self-contained navigation system, or approved
long range radio navigation system; or
c. use of a radio navigation system or systems on routes where,
after making allowance for possible tracking errors of ±9° from
the last positive fix, the aircraft will come within the rated coverage
of a radio aid which can be used to fix the position of the
aircraft. The maximum time interval between positive fixes
must not exceed two (2) hours; or
d. visual reference to the ground or water by day, on route segments
where suitable en route radio navigation aids are not
available, provided that weather conditions permit flight in VMC
and the visual position fixing requirements of para 19.2.1b. are
able to be met.
Note: Self-contained or long range navigation systems may only
be used as the sole means of navigation if the system installed in
the aircraft has been approved by the CASA and the pilot in command
operates the system in accordance with the terms of this approval.
19.2 Flight under the VFR
19.2.1 The following apply in respect of flight under the VFR:
a. The pilot in command must navigate the aircraft by visual reference
to the ground or water, or by using any of the methods
specified in para 19.1.1, except that when operating at or below
2,000FT above the ground or water, the pilot in command must
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