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be able to navigate by visual reference to the ground or water.
b. When navigating by visual reference to the ground or water, the
pilot in command must positively fix the aircraft’s position by
visual reference to features shown on topographical charts at
intervals not exceeding 30 minutes. When flying over the sea,
visual reference features may include rocks and reefs and fixed
man-made objects which are marked on suitable charts and
are readily identifiable from the air.
Note: Flight above more than SCT cloud, or over featureless land
areas, or over the sea, may preclude visual position fixing at the
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required intervals and may therefore make visual navigation impracticable.
c. When navigating by visual reference in controlled airspace the
pilot must notify ATC if the aircraft’s track diverges by more than
one (1) nautical mile from the track approved by ATC, or, if navigating
by reference to radio navigation aids, by more than the
tolerances given in para 19.6.
d. VFR flight on top of more than SCT cloud is available provided
that:
(1) VMC can be maintained during the entire flight, including
climb, cruise and descent.
(2) For VFR flight on top of more than SCT cloud, the visual
position fixing requirements of sub-para b., or the other
navigational requirements of sub-section 19.1 must be
met.
(3) Prior to conducting a VFR flight on top of more than SCT
cloud, the pilot in command must ensure that current
forecasts and observations (including those available inflight
observations) indicate that conditions in the area of,
and during the period of, the planned descent below the
cloud layer will permit the descent to be conducted in
VMC.
(4) The position at which descent below cloud is planned to
occur must be such as to enable continuation of the flight
to the destination and, if required, an alternate aerodrome
in VMC (see Notes 1 and 3).
e. When navigating by reference to radio navigation systems, the
pilot in command must obtain positive radio fixes at the intervals
and by the methods prescribed in paras 19.1 and 19.5.
f. The pilot in command of a VFR flight wishing to navigate by
means of radio navigation systems or any other means must
indicate in the flight notification only those radio navigation aids
with which the aircraft is equipped and the pilot is qualified to
use (see Note 2).
g. VFR aeroplanes operating above FL200 must be equipped
with an altimeter calibrated to IFR standards.
Note 1. A pilot must not undertake a VFR flight on top of more than
SCT cloud unless the aircraft is equipped with serviceable flight
and navigation instruments as specified in CAO 20.18 Appendix
IV.
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Note 2. ‘Qualified’ means the holder of an instrument rating or
NVFR rating which is endorsed for the particular navigation aid or
any private or higher category pilot who has received in-flight instruction
from a qualified flight instructor in the use of the radio
navigation aid as the sole means of navigation, and who is competent
to navigate by use of the aid.
Note 3. Pilots should not initiate VFR flight on top of more than
SCT cloud when weather conditions are marginal. Before committing
to operate VFR flight on top of more than SCT cloud, pilots
should be confident that meteorological information used is reliable
and current, and clearly indicates that the entire flight will be
able to be conducted in VMC.
19.3 Time
19.3.1 During flight, pilots must maintain a time reference accurate to
within ± 30 seconds.
19.4 Track Keeping
19.4.1 Tolerances are applied to tracks to assess containment areas for
the purposes of ensuring navigational integrity, separation from
other aircraft, terrain and obstacle clearance, and avoidance of
specified airspaces. Although allowing for the errors inherent in
the navigation systems used, these tolerances are based on the
assumption that the pilot will maintain track as closely as possible.
19.4.2 The pilot in command must, at all times, take positive action to regain
track as soon as a deviation from the correct track is recognised.
19.4.3 When using radio navigation aids as the primary means of navigation:
a. the aircraft must be navigated by reference to the aid which
provides the most precise track guidance with which the aircraft
is equipped and the pilot is qualified to use; and
b. only those aids which specifically define the relevant track must
be used for track keeping.
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