曝光台 注意防骗
网曝天猫店富美金盛家居专营店坑蒙拐骗欺诈消费者
required, so you need a minimum
level of radio/nav equipment. Unless
you can get Special VFR, you must
leave when conditions demand IFR.
Class C
Separation is between IFR aircraft,
with VFR separated from IFR. VFR
aircraft require clearance to enter, so
you need a 2-way radio. You may get
traffic information and conflict
resolution. If ATC is not available, it
reverts to Class E.
Class D
IFR and VFR, but separation is only
between IFR aircraft (traffic
information, however, is provided).
You still need 2-way radio, but you
only need to establish contact with
ATC before entering, so if they reply
and ask you to stand by, you can
carry on. You get traffic information
and conflict resolution. If ATC is
not available, it reverts to Class E.
Class E
Anything that is still controlled
airspace, but not meeting the
requirements above, like low level
airways, control area extensions,
transition areas or control zones
without a controlling tower.
Separation is as for Class D.
Class F
Where some limitations are imposed.
Separation is between IFR aircraft as
far as practicable (they receive ATC
advisory service) and all flights
receive flight information on request.
Class F Advisory is used for air shows
and the like, and VFR aircraft should
avoid it unless taking part.
A=acrobatics, T=training, F=aircraft
testing, P=parachuting, S=soaring,
M=military, H=hang gliding.
Class F Restricted needs advance
permission, as it may be a danger
area, a rocket range, or similar (check
the NOTAMs).
R=Restricted, D=Danger, 100=BC,
200=Alberta, 300=Saskatchewan,
400=Manitoba, 500=Ontario,
600=Quebec, 700=Atlantic,
800=Yukon, 900=NWT.
Class G
Anything not designated as A, B, C,
D, E or F, where ATC has no
authority, so there's no separation.
Uncontrolled Airspace
Consists of high and low level air
routes, restricted airspace, advisory
airspace, military operations areas
and danger areas, plus the bits
underneath the Northern and Arctic
Control areas. Uncontrolled airspace
is G, F Special Use Restricted, F Special
Use Advisory.
The dimensions of the above are in
the Designated Airspace Handbook, as
are air defence identification zones,
Air Law 87
altimeter setting regions, standard
pressure regions, mountainous
regions, holding points, reporting
points, intersections, control towers,
military TCAs, flight information
regions, etc., etc.
Air Routes
Low level airways exist between 2200
and 17,999 feet. Air routes are the
same size, but are in controlled
airspace and start at the surface.
The dimensions depend on the
reliability of signal coverage. VHF
airways (that is, defined by VORs)
are 4 nm wide either side of the
centreline, increasing outwards to
where the 4 ½° lines cross the width.
For LF/MF airways (using NDBs),
substitute 4.34 and 5°: Air Routes
are known by two letters and a
number, such as RR3, or RB4.
Airways have one letter and a
number (G1). The letter usually
represents a colour, either Green or
Red (East-West) or Blue and Amber
(North-South).
Flight Information Region
Airspace of defined dimensions
extending upwards from the surface,
where flight information and alerting
services are provided. There are 7,
namely Vancouver, Edmonton,
Winnipeg, Toronto, Montreal,
Moncton and Gander.
Transponder Airspace
Consists of all Class A, B and C
airspace, and any Class D or E in the
Designated Airspace Handbook. Refer to
Secondary Surveillance Radar under
Electricity & Radio for procedures and
methods of use.
IFR or VFR Flight in Class F Special
Use Restricted or Advisory
You must be authorised (see the
Designated Airspace Handbook), if
activities are not hazardous and
access does not jeopardize security.
IFR Flight in Class A, B, C, D, E or F
Special Use Airspace
You must be authorised by ATC, or
Transport Canada. The operation
must be in the public interest and
not likely to affect aviation safety.
VFR Flight in Class A Airspace
You must be authorised by
Transport Canada, and the operation
must be in the public interest and
not likely to affect aviation safety.
VFR Flight in Class B Airspace
You must be authorised by ATC, or
Transport Canada. The operation
must be in the public interest and
not likely to affect aviation safety.
中国航空网 www.aero.cn
航空翻译 www.aviation.cn
本文链接地址：
Canadian Professional Pilot Studies1(61)
