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For right hand circuits, apply the
opposite.
All the above, of course, can be
varied by ATC at any time.
Helicopters
Hover taxying is movement in ground
effect at speeds up to about 20 kts,
but more likely the normal walking
pace. The height may vary because
of external loads, but the pace will
be relatively slow.
Air Taxi is almost like flight, but
below 100 feet, often used when
ATC would like you to expedite your
movement to help with traffic flow.
If you've got wheels, it is usual to
taxi on the ground, but ATC aren't
always aware that you have them.
Heliports
The takeoff and landing area is based
on 1 ½ times the overall length of
the critical helicopter (the one it is
intended for). Surrounding it is an
area that must be kept clear of
obstacles (the safety area), at least 10
feet or 1 ½ times the critical
helicopter length beyond the takeoff
or landing area, whichever is greater.
They are identified with a white
letter H in the landing area, aligned
with North (°M or °T, as
appropriate), sometimes with a
dashed white triangle round it to
make it more obvious. At a hospital,
the H will be inside a white cross.
On the apron, parking slots will have
two concentric circles, the inner one
being at least twice the wheelbase or
skid length, and the outer one based
on the length.
Lighting
A heliport used at night must be
illuminated with floodlights. If the
take-off and landing area is
rectangular, its boundary must have
at least 8 fixed yellow lights or retroreflective
markers (one at each
corner), no more than 13m (42.5
feet) apart. If circular, at least 5 lights
or markers must be placed up to
13m (42.5 feet) apart.
Floodlighting must illuminate the
perimeter, which may also have
lights or reflective tape in the same
pattern as the takeoff and landing
area. If possible, the aiming point
should have a triangle made out of 6
red lights.
If markers are used, a light source
must show the location of the
heliport, or, if there is only one path
for approach and departure, two
lights to show the approach
orientation. Preferred approach and
departure routes must be shown by
5 yellow or white omnidirectional or
sequenced flashing lights.
Radio-controlled lighting must
comply with Schedule II. Flare pots
may be used as temporary lighting.
Noise Criteria
You must follow any relevant noise
abatement procedures.
Air Law 35
Runways & Taxiways
Runways are built for the so-called
critical aircraft, that is, the one that
uses it most of all and requires the
most length. Naturally, larger ones
can be accepted, but special
performance procedures will
probably need to be complied with.
The width will be proportionate to
length, but not above 200 feet.
Details are declared by the Airport
Authority and published in the CAP.
This declared distance is either the
Take-off Run Available (TORA) or
Landing Distance Available (LDA).
Any areas at the ends unsuitable to
run on, but still clear of obstacles,
are called Clearways, which, with the
TORA, form the Take-off Distance
Available (TODA), which should not
be more than 1 ½ x TORA.
Part of the Clearway that can
support an aircraft while stopping,
although not under take-off
conditions, is declared as Stopway
which may be added to the TORA
to form the Emergency Distance
Available (EDA), and marked with
yellow chevrons. This is the ground
run distance available for an aircraft
to abort a take-off and come to rest
safely—the essential point to note is
that Stopway is ground-based. EDA
is sometimes also referred to as the
Emergency Distance or Accelerate-Stop
Distance. The greater the EDA, the
higher the speed you can accelerate
to before the point at which you
must decide to stop or go when an
engine fails.
The end of the runway is called the
threshold. Any obstacles interfering
with the glideslope may need it to be
displaced a certain distance, but the
area behind it can still be used for
taxying and takeoff runs, even if it
cannot be for landing.
Displacement is marked by large
yellow arrows pointing towards the
new threshold. The threshold will be
relocated if part of the runway is
closed, and crosses will be used
instead of arrows.
Runways are named after the
direction they are facing in, without
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Canadian Professional Pilot Studies1(28)
