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limits), or you are in a foreign state
aircraft, that is, a civil aircraft owned
by and exclusively used in the service
of a government. You do, however,
need a flight authorisation, which must
include certain minimum
information. If you want a foreign
AOC, you must also hold one in
your own state, and perform the
same services in both places.
Private Pilots
As a PPL holder, you may only take
money (or the equivalent) as the
pilot of aeroplanes or helicopters if:
· you own or operate the aircraft
and the flight is for purposes
other than hire or reward, that
is, passengers are only carried
incidentally. Only the passengers
may share costs for fuel, oil and
fees against the aircraft.
· you are employed full-time for
another (i.e. not flying) purpose,
or you are a volunteer for a
charitable, not-for-profit or
public security organization and
the flying is incidental. If you
own the aircraft, you must be
paid on distance travelled or
hours flown, up to your DOCs
and fees charged against the
aircraft. If you rent it, you can
include the rental costs.
Air Operator's Certificate
Any Canadian, a citizen, permanent
resident or corporation of a foreign
state that already holds one in that
state and meets the requirements
may hold an AOC. A citizen,
permanent resident or corporation
of the USA or Mexico may hold one
for aerial work in the shape of a
specialty air service, for which
authorisation is required in any case.
You must operate safely, that is, with
a decent organizational structure,
operational control system, training
24 Canadian Professional Pilot Studies
and maintenance programs. Ground
handling services and equipment
must also be adequate, as must the
aircraft, for which you must have
legal custody and control of at least
one in the relevant category, for
which you may also need a MEL.
The management must be employed
full-time and consist of at least an
Ops Manager, Chief Pilot, and, if
you don’t have an AMO certificate,
maintenance manager, and a flight
attendant manager if you propose to
run an airline. In between those, you
can expect to employ the usual fleet
managers, safety officers, etc., if
required. You can contract
management out, but the other
operator must be authorized in its
own AOC for a similar operation
and comply with Commercial Air
Service Standards.
You also need an Ops Manual (see
Documents and Records, below).
Flight Time & Duty Hours -
700.14
It’s not so much the amount of sleep
you get, but when you get it that
counts, so fatigue is just as likely to
result from badly planned sequences
of work and rest. A surprising
amount (over 300) of bodily
functions depend on the cycle of day
and night—we have an internal
rhythm, which is modified by such
things. You naturally feel best when
they're all in concert, but the slippery
slope starts when they get out of
line. The best known
desynchronisation is jet lag, but it
also happens when you try to work
nights and sleep during the day—
bright light can fool your body into
thinking it's day when it's not. One
day for each time zone crossed is
required before sleep and waking
cycles get in tune with the new
location, and total internal
synchronisation takes longer
(kidneys may need up to 25 days).
Even the type of time zone change
can matter—6 hours westward
requires (for most people) about
four days to adjust—try 7 for going
the other way! This Eastward flying
compresses the body's rhythm and
does more damage than the
expanded days going west; North-
South travel appears to do no harm.
Symptoms of jet lag are tiredness,
faulty judgement, decreased
motivation and recent memory loss.
They're aggravated by alcohol,
smoking, high-altitude flight,
overeating and depression, as found
in a normal pilot's lifestyle.
In view of all this, you have a
maximum working day laid down by
law, intended to ensure you are
rested enough to fly properly. Put
simply, there is a 14-hour basic
working day, inside which you can
fly as many hours as you can cram
in, allowing for refuelling, rest
breaks, etc., except when you do a
15-hour day, or on single-pilot IFR,
when you may be restricted to 8 (see
below). However, it is possible to
extend the duty day for unforeseen
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