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applies to potential missed
approaches. If left to your own
devices with respect to altitude, you
can descend in your own time to the
lowest of:
· MEA
· Transition Altitude
· MSA (on the approach)
· 100 nm safe altitude
· at least 1000' above the highest
obstacle inside 5 nm (1500 or
2000 within 10 nm depending
on mountainous zone).
The altimeter must be set for the
aerodrome where the approach is to
be conducted before you start.
Landing Minima - 602.128
Instrument approaches under IFR
must be carried out to the minima in
the Canada Air Pilot or the route and
approach inventory. Without proper
visual reference, CAT I or II
precision approaches may not
continue below Decision Height, or
Minimum Descent Altitude (missed
approach point) for non-precision
80 Canadian Professional Pilot Studies
approaches, at which point a missed
approach must be initiated.
You must have training for CAT II
and III (see the Manual of All Weather
Operations (Cats II and III)), with the
aircraft operated under it.
Visual Flight Rules – 602.114
Although the airspace you fly in
comes in six varieties (see below), it
is essentially split into two types,
controlled or uncontrolled. As the names
imply, in the first you do as you're
told (by Air Traffic Control), and in
the second, you are responsible for
the safe conduct of the flight, which
means avoiding obstacles and other
aircraft, which you can only do if
you can see them.
The official definition of a flight
under VFR is "one conducted under
Visual Flight Rules", conveniently
leaving out the bit that tells you what
the Rules are.
The Visual Flight Rules govern flight
in Visual Meteorological Conditions
(VMC). When the weather gets so
bad that you can't see where you are
going, Instrument Meteorological
Conditions (IMC) apply, and you must
fly under Instrument Flight Rules (IFR),
discussed below. The definition of
IMC is actually a negative one, being
"weather precluding flight in
compliance with Visual Flight
Rules". The point at which this
happens depends on the type of
airspace you are in.
Controlled Airspace - 602.114
You must have visual reference with
the surface with at least three miles
visibility, and be at least 500 feet
vertically and 1 mile horizontally
from cloud. In addition, inside a
control zone, ground visibility must
not be less than three miles, and you
should not be below 500 feet AGL,
except when taking off or landing.
Uncontrolled Airspace - 602.115
At or above 1,000 feet AGL
You must have at least 1 mile
visibility by day, 3 miles at night, and
be 500 feet vertically and 2,000 feet
horizontally from cloud.
Below 1,000 feet AGL
Aeroplanes
At least 2 miles visibility by day
(unless under an AOC), 3 miles
at night, and clear of cloud.
Helicopters
At least one mile visibility by
day (unless authorised by an
AOC or flight training
certificate), three miles at night,
and clear of cloud.
Airspace Grd
vis
Horiz
cloud
Vert
cld
Ht
Control
Zone
3m 1m 500' 500'
Other
Controlled
3m 1m 500' n/a
Uncontrolled
> 1,000'
1m 2000' 500' n/a
Uncontrolled
below 1,000'
1m Clear
cloud
Clear
cloud
n/a
VFR Over-the-Top - 602.116
This is flying over the top of a solid
bank of cloud, where you can't see
the ground, but you can see where
you're going.
You can only do it in the cruise by day
if you are at least 1,000 feet vertically
from cloud, or have a vertical
distance between layers of at least
5,000 feet, with at least 5 miles
Air Law 81
visibility and the weather at the
destination is forecast for scattered
cloud or clear and visibility of at least
5 miles with no precipitation, fog,
thunderstorms or blowing snow
from 1 hour before to 2 hours after
ETA if you rely on a TAF.
Otherwise, the after ETA time
increases to 3 hrs.
Special VFR Flight - 602.117
This is used when you can’t comply
with IFR in a control zone – at
night, it is only used for landing at
the destination. It's a legal
technicality, used to allow VFR
aircraft to fly in an area where the
law says only IFR aircraft may fly.
The visibility must be at least ½
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