JAR Private
Pilot Studies
Phil Croucher
About the Author
Phil Croucher holds UK and Canadian professional licences for aeroplanes and
helicopters and around 7000 hours on 35 types of aircraft, with a considerable
operational background and training experience from the computer industry, in
which he is equally well qualified. He has at various times been a Chief Pilot, Ops
Manager, Training Captain and Type Rating Examiner for several companies. He
can be contacted at www.electrocution.com
Legal Bit (Small Print)
This book is sold as is without warranty of any kind, either express or implied, including but
not limited to the implied warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose.
Neither the Author, the Publisher nor their dealers or distributors assume liability for any
alleged or actual damages arising from its use. In other words:
This book contains interpretations of official documentation, which changes, so there
could be technical inaccuracies. As a result, alterations will be made without reference to
anyone, and it's not guaranteed to suit your purposes. The author or publisher, and their
distributors or dealers are not responsible for situations arising from its use.
Copyrights, etc.
This book copyright © 2003 PHIL CROUCHER ISBN 0-9732253-0-0
Notice is hereby given that the name PHILIP ANDREW CROUCHER, in capital letters, or any
variation thereof, is claimed by Phil Croucher, which name may not be used without permission.
Graphics copyright © Steve Sparrow, Phil Croucher (with help from Corel Corporation).
Our staff of Witches, Weird Hags and Assorted Familiars are prepared to cause
Visitations of a most Irritating and Embarrassing nature upon anyone foolish
enough to copy parts of this work without the permission of the author.
Seriously, illegal copying is very, very, naughty! No part of this publication may be
reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted by any means, electronic,
mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, or used in any other form than
originally supplied, without prior written permission from the author.
Updates are available for reduced cost on proof of original purchase.
Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION 17
PRINCIPLES OF FLIGHT 3
Definitions 3
Airflow 4
The Aerofoil (or Airfoil) 5
Aeroplanes 7
Flight Controls 8
Trim 9
Balance 10
Flaps 10
Other Wing Devices 11
Manoeuvres 11
Taxi 11
Takeoff 12
The Circuit 13
Straight and Level 14
Turns 14
Spiral Dives 16
Climbing 16
Descent 17
Approach & Landing 17
Slipping 18
Stalling 18
Spinning 19
The HASELL Checks 19
Low and Slow 20
Stability 20
Longitudinal Stability 21
ii JAR Private Pilot Studies
Lateral Stability 21
Directional Stability 21
Dutch Roll 22
Spiral Stability 22
Forces In Flight 22
Lift 22
Weight 23
Thrust 23
Drag 23
Maximum Range Speed 24
Maximum Endurance Speed 24
Formula 25
Load Factor 25
Propellers 25
Constant Speed Propeller 27
Counterweights 27
The Helicopter 27
Control Orbit 29
Tail Rotor Drift 32
Tail Rotor Roll 32
Tail Rotor Failure 33
Loss of Tail Rotor Effectiveness 34
Rotor Systems 35
In flight 35
Autorotations 36
Ground Resonance 37
Dynamic Rollover 37
Ground Effect 38
Recirculation 38
Vortex Ring 39
Power 39
Blade Sailing 40
Some Questions 40
Some Answers 40
ENGINES & SYSTEMS 41
Reciprocating Engines 41
Timing 44
The Carburettor 45
Fuel Injection 47
Superchargers 48
Turbochargers 48
Ignition 49
The 4-Stroke (Otto) Cycle 50
Turbines 51
The Inlet 52
The Compressor 52
Table of Contents iii
The Combustor 53
The Turbine 54
Jet Fuel 54
FCU 54
FADEC 55
Engine Instruments 55
Engine Handling 55
Lubrication 57
Fuel Supply 59
Hydraulics 59
Undercarriages 60
Transmissions 60
Pneumatics 61
Heating Systems 61
Fire Detection 61
Autopilots, etc 63
Vibrations 63
Aircraft Husbandry 64
INSTRUMENTS 65
Pitch 65
Bank 66
Power 66
Pitot-Static System 67
The Altimeter 67
Airspeed Indicator 69
Vertical Speed Indicator 70
Compass 70
E2B 71
Acceleration Errors 72
Turning Errors 72
The Compass Swing 73
Gyroscopes 73
Artificial Horizon 74
Heading Indicator (DGI) 75
Turn Coordinator 75
A Question 76
An Answer 76
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