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balloon, or 2,000 feet otherwise.
Balloons must have enough fuel to
fly clear of the built-up area, allowing
for variations in take-off Weight,
temperature and actual and forecast
winds. If the area is inside Class C
airspace, you must get clearance
before taking off.
You may take-off from such a place
in a balloon with permission from
the owner of the launch site, there is
no special aviation event being held,
the local authorities don’t object, the
diameter of the site is at least 100
feet or the greatest dimension of the
balloon plus 25%, whichever is the
larger, and the take-off point is
upwind of the highest obstacle in the
take-off path by its height, and you
can maintain a positive rate of climb
to at least 500' above the highest
obstacle within 500', or, where the
flight path is directly over residential
or commercial buildings, or an openair
assembly of people, using the
maximum safe rate of climb.
You can land in a balloon to avoid
endangering people on board, but
you must tell ATC, before or as
soon as possible afterwards, with the
time, registration, location and
reasons.
See also 602.16 and 18.
You may not fly over an aerodrome
below 2,000 feet.
In Class B airspace, you must be on
a CVFR flight plan, meaning that
you are under IFR, but in VMC.
In Class C TCAs, check out the CFS
and/or VTA chart. To establish
initial contact, give your type and
identification, your position relative
to a published callup point, altitude,
destination and route, transponder
and ATIS codes.
Watch out for Fur Farms, which have
chrome yellow and black stripes
painted on roofs or pylons, although
that's a little difficult on pipeline or
powerline survey and they just
appear out of the blue, so to speak.
Also, overfly herds of caribou and
other wild animals at over 2,000 feet.
The term for holding when it comes
to VFR aircraft is orbiting, which will
be over a known location. You are
responsible for obstacle clearance.
IFR
The MOCA must be at least 2000
feet above the highest obstacle
within 10 miles of the centre line of
the route, and at night under VFR, at
least 1,000 feet above the highest
obstacle within 3 miles.
Otherwise, you must be at or above
1,000 feet above the highest obstacle
within 5 nm from your estimated
position, or 2,000 feet in
mountainous regions 1 or 5 (as per
the Designated Airspace Handbook), or
1,500 feet in areas 2, 3 or 4.
During the day, under VFR, an
aeroplane may not fly less than 300
feet AGL, or nearer than 300 feet to
any obstacle.
A higher minimum altitude
requirement may be specified by
NOTAM.
Air Law 73
For each route segment, the MEA
must be at least equal to the MOCA
for navigational signal coverage,
rounded up to the nearest 100 feet.
Each route must include the
FROM/TO route segment, track,
MOCA, MEA, distance between
fixes or waypoints and navaids.
Records of company routes must be
kept in a form and format similar to
the catalogue of approved routes.
If the above procedures are
followed, a pilot may use routes not
yet contained in the record of
company routes.
VFR at night or IFR flights must
either have working navaids or an
approved long range nav system, so
for navaids other than those publicly
available, you must get the
permission of the owner/operator
so you know their condition. If you
can’t get it, you must have
instructions on how, and whom to
contact, to confirm that the
navigation aid is in service.
Flight visibility must be at least 3
miles under VFR at night.
Unless otherwise authorised, foreign
operators may only, in uncontrolled
airspace, conduct IFR or night VFR
flights on air routes.
Minimum Obstacle Clearance
Altitude (MOCA)
The lowest altitude for an airway or
route segment in which an IFR flight
may be conducted. It gives you 1,000
ft of clearance above all obstacles
inside the lateral limits defined by
navaids (see below), in nonmountainous
regions, but does not
account for reception range, as does
the MEA, which will be higher.
Mininum Enroute Altitude (MEA)
Similar to MOCA, but guarantees
navaid reception.
Minimum Sector Altitude (MSA)
Found on approach plates, based on
a 25nm circle round a navaid, giving
300m above the highest obstacle.
Decision Height (DH)
Officially, “a specified height at
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Canadian Professional Pilot Studies1(52)
