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the last number. For example, one
facing West, or 270°, would be called
Runway 27. In fact, the naming is to
the nearest tenth degree, so one
facing 067° is actually Runway 07. A
T after the number (as in 07T)
would be a True direction, as used in
the NDA.
Parallel runways will also be known
as Left or Right.
Where no runways are available, the
takeoff and landing areas will be
marked out with pyramidal or conical
markers, orange and white for
airports, or orange for aerodromes.
Markings & Signals
To a certain extent, you can tell from
the air how suitable a runway is for
your aircraft by the markings painted
on it (which should be white). For
example, a non-instrument runway over
5,000 feet long looks like this:
36 Canadian Professional Pilot Studies
The first big markings are 1,000 feet
from the end, and the smaller ones
occur every 500 feet afterwards. An
instrument runway has a 500-foot
marker first, where the wheels are
supposed to hit:
In addition, if there is a windsock at
each end of the runway (on the left
side), it is over 4,000 feet long.
Otherwise, it will be at the midpoint.
If it's a Transport Canada
windsock (fly close to see the small
print), the runways are likely to be
on an airport.
At least 6 unidirectional lights at the
runway end should show red in the
runway direction. Threshold lights
(and wing bar lights) should show
green in the approach direction.
Two or more white crosses (with
arms at 45° to the center line) along
a section or at both ends of a runway
or taxiway mean the section between
them is unfit for aircraft movement:
The white T with a disc above (for
airborne machines) and a single
black ball suspended from a mast
(for those on the ground), mean that
the directions for takeoff and
landing are not necessarily the same.
A mandatory instruction sign has
white text on a red background.
Markers and Markings - 301.04
When closed permanently, all
markers and markings must be
removed, except for manoeuvring
areas, which must have relevant
markings painted on afterwards. If
the surface is snow-covered, is
unsuitable for painting, or the
closure is temporary, you can use a
conspicuously coloured dye or
material. Unless on a water
aerodrome, red flags or cones must
be placed along the boundary of an
unserviceable movement area. For
periods over 24 hours, where a
runway (or part of it) is closed,
closed markings under Schedule I
must be placed as follows:
· if longer than 1220m (4,000
feet), one at each end and
additional ones at least every
300m (1,000 feet).
· if between 450m (1,500') and
1220m (4,000'), one of at least
half the dimensions in Schedule
I at each end and additional
ones the same size midway
between them.
· if shorter than 450m (1,500
feet), one of at least half the
dimensions in Schedule I at
each end.
When part of a taxiway is closed,
there must be a closed marking at
each end.
For a helicopter take-off and landing
area, a closed marking must be over
the H, or the centre of the area.
Taxiways
Paved taxiways should have centre
line markings, for continuous
guidance between runways and
aircraft stands.
Air Law 37
Holding Points
A non-instrument runway will have a
yellow single solid and a single
dashed line across the taxiway (the
dashed line will be on the runway
side). An instrument runway has a
double set of each:
They indicate a point beyond which
no part of an aircraft may project
without prior permission from ATC.
If there are no lines, you must be at
least 200 feet from the runway edge.
Carriage of People on Aerial
Work - 702.16/722.16
Must be a crew member or
maintenance technician trainee,
someone undergoing training for
essential duties during flight, a fire
fighter or fire control officer being
carried in a forest fire area, be being
carried to an aerial work site,
perform an essential function to do
with the aerial work and is necessary
to accomplish it. May also be a
parachutist if you are authorised in
your AOC.
During helicopter external load
operations, people not essential
during flight are carried only with a
Class D load complying with
subsection 702.21(1), except for
crew undergoing training, or fire
fighters carried only with Class B
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