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equipment necessary for fires within
a forest fire area. Aircraft equipment
must comply with 605 and people
must be briefed under Section
722.23 of the Aerial Work Standard.
Parachutists and jumpmasters are
essential during flight and do not
require an Operations Specification.
Aircraft Operating Over Water
Except when taking off or landing, a
land aircraft may not fly beyond
where it could reach shore if an
engine fails, unless authorised in an
AOC. If doing so, however,
helicopters must have an approved
emergency flotation kit and fly high
enough to allow time for them to
inflate before touching the water.
Life preservers must be carried
within reach of each person with
their seat belts fastened, and you
may need a liferaft. The Ops Manual
must include passenger ditching
procedures and a requirement to file
a flight plan or itinerary, and flights
conducted over water more than 15
minutes at normal cruising speed
from shore or from a suitable
aerodrome must be capable of direct
flight following with radio.
Passengers in Single-Engined
Aircraft - 703.22/24
You may not carry over 9 passengers
in single-engined aeroplanes. You
can, however, in Transport Category
helicopters, if the pilot has passed a
single-engine PPC on one of the
single-engine types operated, and the
AOC contains authorisation.
Passengers may not be carried in
single-engine helicopters at night or
under IFR.
38 Canadian Professional Pilot Studies
VFR Min Vis —Uncontrolled
Airspace - 702.17/722.17
You may not start a VFR flight
unless the weather reports indicate
that the conditions will allow it.
Aeroplanes
Obstacles must be seen and avoided.
To operate down to 1 mile in
uncontrolled airspace, you need an
artificial horizon, a DI or gyro
compass and a GPS, as per the
Flight Manual.
You must have at least 500 hours
Part VII (commercial) experience, or
the equivalent in the same category
and class of aeroplane. You must
also attend a PDM course every
three years. You also need 1 hours’
initial and annual recurrent training
in basic instrument manoeuvres and
flight at reduced airspeed with the
use of all equipment mentioned
above, and in all Ops Manual low
visibility procedures.
The Ops Manual must contain
information about minimum safe
speeds and configurations and other
considerations, such as wind,
weights, time of day,
communications, etc. There must
also be authorisation for reduced
visibility in the Operating Certificate.
Helicopters - 723.28
For ½ mile visibility in uncontrolled
airspace, you must fly at a speed that
allows obstacles to be seen and
avoided. You also need at least 500
hours (commercial) PIC time, but,
otherwise, conditions are as above.
Night, VFR OTT and IFR (OTT)
VFR OTT flight must be authorised
in an AOC, and conform to Section
602.116. For multi-engined
aeroplanes with an IR, conditions
must allow descent under VMC or
continuation under IFR or VMC if
the critical engine fails. If you don’t
have an IR, and for single-engine
aeroplanes, conditions must allow
descent under VMC. Multi-engined
aeroplanes may continue under
VMC if the critical engine fails.
For helicopters carrying passengers
(723.33), the flight must be
conducted under VFR. For IFR
certified multi-engine helicopters
where you have an IR, conditions
must allow descent under VMC or
continuation under IFR or VFR if an
engine fails. For multi-engine
helicopters not certified for IFR or
where you don’t have an IR,
conditions must allow descent under
VMC or continuation under VMC if
an engine fails. For single-engine
helicopters, you must be able to
descend under VMC.
You can do this in the cruise by day
at least 1,000' vertically from cloud,
or if you have a vertical distance
between layers of at least 5,000', with
over 5 miles visibility and destination
weather is forecast for scattered
cloud or clear and visibility of at least
5 miles with no precipitation, fog,
thunderstorms or blowing snow
from 1 hr before to 2 hrs after ETA,
based on a TAF. Otherwise, the
after ETA time increases to 3 hrs.
One particular point to note with
OTT (and night) flight is that you
must carry all relevant charts and
publications for the proposed route
and probable diversions, which
essentially means you can't go
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