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and METARs to describe
ground-based layers like fog
(but see table below). Only
mentioned when vis is expected
to be less than 6 sm.
· Only moderate or severe icing is
shown, although bases, tops and
type will be covered. Icing areas
are surrounded with blue dots.
· Only moderate or severe
turbulence is shown, together
with its type, such as CAT, etc.
Bases and tops are shown the
same way as clouds are.
· The freezing level is a red
dashed line used like a contour,
beginning at the surface and
continuing at 2,500' intervals.
Clouds
Tops and bottoms of forecast clouds
will be shown, up to 24,000 feet
ASL, but the tops of convective
clouds will be shown above that
(cirrus clouds are not shown at all).
Convective clouds will also be
named – other types will be only
when significant. The borders will be
enclosed in scallops containing a
description and the heights in
hundreds of feet:
Weather 147
In this case, the bottoms of broken
cumulus will be 2,000 feet, and the
tops at 8,000.
Where the visibility is expected to be
over 6 miles, and organised clouds
not forecast, there will be no border,
but a statement of SKC, FEW or
SCT. Multiple cloud layers are
indicated separately inside, based on
the amount at that level, not the
total. Surface-based layers are shown
as OBSCD (obscured).
Visibility
Given in statute miles, up to 6.
Above that, it is indicated as P6SM.
Thus, obstructions to vision are only
mentioned under 6 miles. A dashed
line as a border indicates intermittent
or showery precip. A solid line
means continuous.
Winds
Sustained windspeeds over 20 kts are
shown with wind barbs. A G means
gusts, with the peak value in knots:
Icing & Turbulence
Icing is shown for moderate and
severe levels, with bases and tops, in
the same way cloud is shown, but
with a different symbol (left, below):
The symbol for turbulence is the one
on the right, above.
Weather Information
FDAs
Forecasts for Upper Level Winds and
Temperatures, prepared twice daily for
various altitudes, as tabulated figures:
3000 6000 9000
YVR 9900 2415-07 2430-10
YYF 2523 2432-04 2338-08
You have to interpolate for the
height you will be at which, in the
exam, will be nowhere near any of
the lines in the table - for example, at
7,500 feet, the figures would be
something like 2422-8.
A minus sign means temperatures
below 0°C. Wind velocity is in
degrees true and knots, 9900 means
light and variable and high winds are
above 18,000 feet.
TAFs
Aerodrome Weather Forecasts describe
the most probable forecast
conditions within 5 nm of the runway
centres for 12 or 24 hours after the
valid time, which may be 05, 11, 17
and 23Z. A TAF may be sub-divided
into self-contained parts by the
abbreviation ‘FM’ (from) followed
by the time UTC to the nearest hour,
expressed as 2 figures (e.g. FM09).
Abbreviations used are above. Note,
148 Canadian Professional Pilot Studies
however, that the term CAVOK
(Ceiling and Visibility OK) is not used
in TAFs Canada, and RMK is not
used elsewhere.
Station Identifier
4-letter ICAO indicator for
aerodrome.
Message Type
TAF or TAF AMD, for amended.
Date and Time of Issue
A 6-digit code, with the date as the
first two, then the time in UTC.
Validity Period
The start and finish times in whole
hours UTC, e.g. 0716 (0700 to 1600
hrs UTC). This is normally 12, but
may be 24, or otherwise if amended.
Winds
To the nearest 10°, in knots.
000000KT is calm, VRB means
variable, less than 3 kts. Gusts are
given in 2 digits. WS means
windshear, when significant, with
speed and direction at a height.
Visibility
In statute miles below 6. P6SM
means greater the 6 statute miles.
Weather
A minus (-) means light, no sign is
moderate, and + means heavy. It is
described in 7 ways, such as SH for
showers, DR for drifting, FZ for
freezing, MI for shallow, BL for
blowing and BC for batches.
FC=Funnel Cloud (Tornado),
TS=Thunderstorm, DZ=Drizzle,
FG=Fog (< 1 km), BR=Mist (> 1
km), GS=Small Hail, FU=Smoke,
SS=Sandstorm, VA=Volcanic Ash,
PO=Dust/Sand, RA=Rain,
SG=Snow Grains, PL=Ice Pellets,
IC=Ice Crystals, SA=Sand,
SN=Snow, HZ=Haze, GR=Hail,
DU=Dust, SQ=Squall,
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Canadian Professional Pilot Studies1(100)
