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two−way radio communication is established and maintained with the control tower, and thereafter
as instructed by ATC while operating in the Class C airspace.
2) From a satellite airport without an operating control tower, unless two−way radio
communication is established as soon as practical after departing and thereafter maintained with the
ATC facility having jurisdiction over the Class C airspace.
e) Traffic patterns. No person may take off or land an aircraft at a satellite airport within
Class C airspace except in compliance with FAA arrival and departure traffic patterns.
f) Equipment requirements. Unless otherwise authorized by the ATC facility having
jurisdiction over the Class C airspace, no person may operate an aircraft within Class C airspace
unless that aircraft is equipped with the applicable equipment specified in 14 CFR Part 91
(Section 91.215).
31 JULY 08
AIP
United States of America
GEN 1.7−11
15 MAR 07
Federal Aviation Administration Nineteenth Edition
7) Except for persons operating gliders below the floor of Class A airspace, no person may operate
an aircraft in Class B, C, D, or E airspace of the 48 contiguous States and the District of Columbia
above 10,000 feet MSL, excluding that airspace at and below 2,500 feet AGL, unless that aircraft is
equipped with an operable radar beacon transponder having at least a Mode 3/A 4096−code
capability, replying to Mode 3/A interrogation with the code specified by ATC, and automatic
altitude reporting equipment having a Mode C capability that automatically replies to Mode C
interrogations by transmitting pressure altitude information in 100−foot increments.
8) Compliance with ATC clearances and instructions:
a) When an ATC clearance has been obtained, no pilot−in−command may deviate from that
clearance, except in an emergency, unless an amended clearance is obtained. A pilot−in−command
may cancel an IFR flight plan if that pilot is operating in VFR weather conditions outside of Class A
airspace. If a pilot is uncertain of the meaning of an ATC clearance, the pilot shall immediately
request clarification from ATC.
b) Except in an emergency, no person may operate an aircraft contrary to an ATC instruction
in an area in which ATC is exercised.
c) Each pilot−in−command who, in an emergency, deviates from an ATC clearance or
instruction shall notify ATC of that deviation as soon as possible.
d) Each pilot−in−command who is given priority by ATC in an emergency shall submit a
detailed report of that emergency within 48 hours to the manager of that ATC facility, if requested
by ATC.
e) Unless otherwise authorized by ATC, no person operating an aircraft may operate that
aircraft according to any clearance or instruction that has been issued to the pilot of another aircraft
for radar ATC purposes.
Appendix 1 Signals
4.1.1 The flashing white signal to aircraft in flight, meaning ‘‘land at this aerodrome and proceed to
apron’’ is not used in the United States.
In addition, the alternating red and green signal to aircraft on the ground or in flight means exercise
extreme caution.
31 JULY 08
AIP
United States of America
GEN 1.7−12
15 MAR 07
Nineteenth Edition Federal Aviation Administration
PANS − RAC − DOC 4444
There are several substantive differences between the U.S. procedures and those of ICAO, in addition to some minor
variations in detail which are not considered significant. These differences are the result of initiatives and/or
refinements which the U.S. has effected in the interest of improving the safety and efficiency of air traffic services.
Part I Definitions
Airborne
collision
avoidance
system
The U.S. uses traffic alert and collision avoidance system (TCAS).
AIRMET
information
In the U.S., AIRMET stands for Airman’s Meteorological Information which is in−flight weather
advisories issued only to amend the area forecast concerning weather phenomena which are of
operational interest to all aircraft and potentially hazardous to aircraft having limited capability
because of lack of equipment, instrumentation, or pilot qualifications. AIRMETs concern weather of
less severity than that covered by SIGMETs or convective SIGMETs. AIRMETs cover moderate
icing, moderate turbulence, sustained winds of 30 kt or more at the surface, widespread areas of
ceilings less than 1,000 feet and/or visibility less than 3 miles, and extensive mountain obscurement.
Air−report The U.S. does not normally use the term “air−report.’’ Pilot weather reports (PIREPs), position, and
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