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seconds before calling again. The controller or FSS
specialist may be jotting down your number, looking
for your flight plan, transmitting on a different
frequency, or selecting his/her transmitter to your
frequency.
4.4.2.5Be alert to the sounds or lack of sounds in
your receiver. Check your volume, recheck your
frequency, and make sure that your microphone is not
stuck in the transmit position. Frequency blockage
can, and has, occurred for extended periods of time
due to unintentional transmitter operation. This type
of interference is commonly referred to as a stuck
mike,’’ and controllers may refer to it in this manner
when attempting to assign an alternate frequency. If
the assigned frequency is completely blocked by this
type of interference, use the procedures described in
paragraph 12, Two−Way Radio Communications
Failure.
4.4.2.6Be sure that you are within the performance
range of your radio equipment and the ground station
equipment. Remote radio sites do not always transmit
and receive on all of a facilities’ available
frequencies, particularly with regard to VOR sites
where you can hear but not reach a ground station’s
receiver. Remember that higher altitude increases the
range of VHF line of sight" communications.
4.4.3Aircraft Call Signs
4.4.3.1Improper use of call signs can result in pilots
executing a clearance intended for another aircraft.
Call signs should never be abbreviated on an initial
contact or at any time when other aircraft call signs
have similar numbers/sounds or identical letters/
numbers, (e.g., Cessna 6132F, Cessna 1622F,
Baron123F, Cherokee 7732F, etc.).
EXAMPLE−
As an example, assume that a controller issues an approach
clearance to an aircraft at the bottom of a holding stack and
an aircraft with a similar call sign (at the top of the stack)
acknowledges the clearance with the last two or three
numbers of his/her call sign. If the aircraft at the bottom of
the stack did not hear the clearance and intervene, flight
safety would be affected, and there would be no reason for
AIP
United States of America
GEN 3.4−7
15 MAR 07
Federal Aviation Administration Nineteenth Edition
either the controller or pilot to suspect that anything is
wrong. This kind of human factors" error can strike
swiftly and is extremely difficult to rectify.
4.4.3.2Pilots, therefore, must be certain that aircraft
identification is complete and clearly identified
before taking action on an ATC clearance. ATC
specialists will not abbreviate call signs of air carrier
or other civil aircraft having authorized call signs.
ATC specialists may initiate abbreviated call signs of
other aircraft by using the prefix and the last three
digits/letters of the aircraft identification after
communications are established. The pilot may use
the abbreviated call sign in subsequent contacts with
the ATC specialist. When aware of similar/identical
call signs, ATC specialists will take action to
minimize errors by emphasizing certain numbers/letters,
by repeating the entire call sign, repeating the
prefix, or by asking pilots to use a different call sign
temporarily. Pilots should use the phrase Verify
clearance for (your complete call sign)" if doubt
exists concerning proper identity.
4.4.3.3Civil aircraft pilots should state the aircraft
type, model or manufacturer’s name followed by the
digits/letters of the registration number. When the
aircraft manufacturer’s name or model is stated, the
prefix N" is dropped.
EXAMPLE−
Bonanza Six Five Five Golf," Douglas One One Zero,"
Breezy Six One Three Romeo Experimental" (Omit
Experimental" after initial contact).
4.4.3.4Air taxi or other commercial operators not
having FAA authorized call signs should prefix their
normal identification with the phonetic word
Tango."
EXAMPLE−
Tango Aztec Two Four Six Four Alpha."
4.4.3.5Air carriers and commuter air carriers having
FAA authorized call signs should identify themselves
by stating the complete call sign, using group form for
the numbers.
EXAMPLE−
United Twenty−five, Midwest Commuter Seven Eleven."
4.4.3.6Military aircraft use a variety of systems
including serial numbers, word call signs and
combinations of letters/numbers.
EXAMPLE−
Army Copter 48931" Air Force 61782" REACH
31792" Pat 157" AirEvac 17652" Navy Golf Alpha
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