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18/16
Altimeter setting: indicator and 4 digits; in U.S., A-inches and
hundredths; (Q-hectoPascals, e.g. Q1013)
A2992
30 AUG 07
AIP
United States of America
GEN 3.5-71
15 MAR 07
Federal Aviation Administration Nineteenth Edition
FIG GEN 3.5-24
U.S. Department
of Transportation
Federal Aviation
Administration
KEY to AERODROME FORECAST (TAF) and
AVIATION ROUTINE WEATHER REPORT
(METAR) (BACK)
FORECAST EXPLANATION REPORT
WS010/31022KT In U.S. TAF, non-convective low-level (≤ 2,000 ft) Wind Shear;
3-digit height (hundreds of ft); “/”; 3-digit wind direction and 2-3
digit wind speed above the indicated height, and unit, KT
In METAR, ReMarK indicator & remarks. For example: Sea-
Level Pressure in hectoPascals & tenths, as shown: 1004.5 hPa;
Temp/dew-point in tenths C, as shown: temp. 18.2C, dew-point
15.9C
RMK
SLP045
T01820159
FM1930 FroM and 2-digit hour and 2-digit minute beginning time:
indicates significant change. Each FM starts on a new line,
indented 5 spaces
TEMPO 2022 TEMPOrary: changes expected for <1 hour and in total, < half of
2-digit hour beginning and 2-digit hour ending time period
PROB40 0407 PROBability and 2-digit percent (30 or 40): probable condition
during 2-digit hour beginning and 2-digit hour ending time
period
BECMG 1315 BECoMinG: change expected during 2-digit hour beginning
and 2-digit hour ending time period
Table of Significant Present, Forecast and Recent Weather- Grouped in categories and used in the
order listed below; or as needed in TAF, No Significant Weather.
QUALIFIER
INTENSITY OR PROXIMITY
`-' Light “no sign” Moderate `+' Heavy
VC Vicinity: but not at aerodrome; in U.S. METAR, between 5 and 10SM of the point(s) of
observation; in U.S. TAF, 5 to 10SM from center of runway complex (elsewhere within 8000m)
DESCRIPTOR
MI Shallow BC Patches PR Partial TS Thunderstorm
BL Blowing SH Showers DR Drifting FZ Freezing
WEATHER PHENOMENA
PRECIPITATION
DZ Drizzle RA Rain SN Snow SG Snow grains
IC Ice Crystals PL Ice Pellets GR Hail GS Small hail/snow
UP Unknown precipitation in automated observations pellets
OBSCURATION
BR Mist (≥5/8SM) FG Fog (<5/8SM) FU Smoke VA Volcanic ash
SA Sand HZ Haze PY Spray DU Widespread dust
OTHER
SQ Squall SS Sandstorm DU Duststorm PO Well developed
FC Funnel cloud +FC tornado/waterspout dust/sand whirls
-Explanations in parentheses “( )” indicate different worldwide practices.
- Ceiling is not specified; defined as the lowest broken or overcast layer, or the vertical visibility.
- NWS TAFs exclude turbulence, icing & temperature forecasts; NWS METARs exclude trend forecasts
January 1999 Department of Transportation
Aviation Weather Directorate FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION
30 AUG 07
AIP
United States of America
GEN 3.5-72
15 MAR 07
Nineteenth Edition Federal Aviation Administration
31. Meteorological Broadcasts (ATIS, VHF
and LF)
31.1 Continuous Transcribed Weather
Broadcasts (TWEB)
31.1.1 Weather broadcasts are made continuously
over selected navigational aids. These broadcasts
contain the general weather forecasts and winds up to
12,000feet within a 250-mile radius of the radio. In
some cases the forecasts are for route of flight rather
than the general area. They also broadcast pilot
reports, radar reports, and hourly weather reports of
selected locations within a 400-mile radius of the
broadcast station.
31.2 Automatic Terminal Information Service
(ATIS) Broadcasts
31.2.1 These broadcasts are made continuously and
include as weather information only the ceiling,
visibility, wind, and altimeter setting of the
aerodrome at which they are located.
31.3 Scheduled Weather Broadcasts (SWB)
31.3.1 Scheduled broadcasts are made only in
Alaska at 15minutes past the hour over en route
navigational aids not used for TWEB or ATIS. These
broadcasts contain hourly weather reports of selected
locations within 150 miles of the station and weather
advisories, pilot weather reports, radar weather
reports, and Notices to Airmen (NOTAMs).
31.4 Navigational Aids Providing Broadcast
Services
31.4.1 A compilation of navigational aids over
which weather broadcasts are transmitted is not
available for this publication. Complete information
concerning all navigational aids providing this
service is contained in the Airport/Facility directory.
Similar information for the Pacific and Alaskan areas
is contained in the Pacific and Alaska Supplements.
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