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contains all the required elements-wind, visibility,
weather, and sky condition. Weather is omitted in
“FM” groups when it is not significant to aviation.
FM groups do not include the contraction NSW.
EXAMPLEFM0100
14010KT P6SM SKC - “after 0100Z, wind one
four zero at one zero, visibility more than six, sky clear.”
30.6.2 Becoming (BECMG) Group. The BECMG
group is used when a gradual change in conditions is
expected over a longer time period, usually
twohours. The time period when the change is
expected is a four-digit group with the beginning
hour and ending hour of the change period which
follows the BECMG indicator. The gradual change
will occur at an unspecified time within this time
period. Only the changing forecast meteorological
conditions are included in BECMG groups. The
omitted conditions are carried over from the previous
time group.
EXAMPLEOVC012
BECMG 1416 BKN020 - “ceiling one thousand
two hundred overcast. Then a gradual change to ceiling
two thousand broken between 1400Z and 1600Z.”
30.6.3 Temporary (TEMPO) Group. The
TEMPO group is used for any conditions in wind,
visibility, weather, or sky condition which are
expected to last for generally less than an hour at a
time (occasional), and are expected to occur during
less than half the time period. The TEMPO indicator
is followed by a four-digit group giving the
beginning hour and ending hour of the time period
during which the temporary conditions are expected.
Only the changing forecast meteorological
conditions are included in TEMPO groups. The
omitted conditions are carried over from the previous
time group.
EXAMPLE-
1. SCT030 TEMPO 1923 BKN030 - “three thousand
scattered with occasional ceilings three thousand broken
between 1900Z and 2300Z.”
2. 4SM HZ TEMPO 0006 2SM BR HZ - “visibility four in
haze with occasional visibility two in mist and haze
between 0000Z and 0600Z.”
30 AUG 07
AIP
United States of America
GEN 3.5-70
15 MAR 07
Nineteenth Edition Federal Aviation Administration
FIG GEN 3.5-23
U.S. Department
of Transportation
Federal Aviation
Administration
KEY to AERODROME FORECAST (TAF) and
AVIATION ROUTINE WEATHER REPORT
(METAR) (FRONT)
TAF KPIT 091730Z 091818 15005KT 5SM HZ FEW020 WS010/31022KT
FM 1930 30015G25KT 3SM SHRA OVC015 TEMPO 2022 1/2SM +TSRA
OVC008CB
FM0100 27008KT 5SM SHRA BKN020 OVC040 PROB40 0407 1SM -RA BR
FM1015 18005KT 6SM -SHRA OVC020 BECMG 1315 P6SM NSW SKC
METAR KPIT 091955Z COR 22015G25KT 3/4SM R28L/2600FT TSRA OVC010CB
18/16 A2992 RMK SLP045 T01820159
FORECAST EXPLANATION REPORT
TAF Message type : TAF-routine or TAF AMD-amended forecast,
METAR-hourly, SPECI-special or TESTM-non-commissioned
ASOS report
METAR
KPIT ICAO location indicator KPIT
091730Z Issuance time: ALL times in UTC “Z”, 2-digit date, 4-digit time 091955z
091818 Valid period: 2-digit date, 2-digit beginning, 2-digit ending times
In U.S. METAR: CORrected of; or AUTOmated ob for automated
report with no human intervention; omitted when observer logs on
COR
15005KT Wind: 3 digit true-north direction , nearest 10 degrees (or VaRiaBle);
next 2-3 digits for speed and unit, KT (KMH or MPS); as needed, Gust
and maximum speed; 00000KT for calm; for METAR, if direction varies
60 degrees or more, Variability appended, e.g. 180V260
22015G25KT
5SM Prevailing visibility; in U.S., Statute Miles & fractions; above 6 miles in
TAF Plus6SM. (Or, 4-digit minimum visibility in meters and as required,
lowest value with direction)
3/4SM
Runway Visual Range: R; 2-digit runway designator Left, Center, or
Right as needed; “/”, Minus or Plus in U.S., 4-digit value, FeeT in U.S.,
(usually meters elsewhere); 4-digit value Variability 4-digit value (and
tendency Down, Up or No change)
R28L/2600FT
HZ Significant present, forecast and recent weather: see table (on back) TSRA
FEW020 Cloud amount, height and type: Sky Clear 0/8, FEW >0/8-2/8,
SCaTtered 3/8-4/8, BroKeN 5/8-7/8, OVerCast 8/8; 3-digit height in
hundreds of ft; Towering Cumulus or CumulonimBus in METAR; in
TAF, only CB. Vertical Visibility for obscured sky and height “VV004”.
More than 1 layer may be reported or forecast. In automated METAR
reports only, CLeaR for “clear below 12,000 feet”
OVC 010CB
Temperature: degrees Celsius; first 2 digits, temperature “/” last 2
digits, dew-point temperature; Minus for below zero, e.g., M06
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