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29.8.5.2 Pilots of aircraft that produce strong wake
vortices should fly as closely as possible to the
approach course centerline or to the extended
centerline of the runway of intended landing as
appropriate to conditions.
29.8.6 Pilots operating lighter aircraft on visual
approaches in-trail to aircraft producing strong wake
vortices should use the following procedures to assist
in avoiding wake turbulence. These procedures apply
only to those aircraft that are on visual approaches.
29.8.6.1 Pilots of lighter aircraft should fly on or
above the glidepath. Glidepath reference may be
furnished by an ILS, by a visual approach slope
system, by other ground-based approach slope
guidance systems, or by other means. In the absence
of visible glidepath guidance, pilots may very nearly
duplicate a 3-degree glideslope by adhering to the
“3to 1” glidepath principle.
EXAMPLEFly
3,000 feet at 10 miles from touchdown, 1,500 feet at
5miles, 1,200 feet at 4 miles, and so on to touchdown.
29.8.6.2 If the pilot of the lighter following aircraft
has visual contact with the preceding heavier aircraft
and also with the runway, the pilot may further adjust
for possible wake vortex turbulence by the following
practices:
a) Pick a point of landing no less than 1,000 feet
from the arrival end of the runway.
b) Establish a line-of-sight to that landing point
that is above and in front of the heavier preceding
aircraft.
c) When possible, note the point of landing of the
heavier preceding aircraft and adjust point of
intended landing as necessary.
EXAMPLEA
puff of smoke may appear at the 1,000-foot markings of
the runway, showing that touchdown was at that point;
therefore, adjust point of intended landing to the
1,500-foot markings.
d) Maintain the line-of-sight to the point of
intended landing above and ahead of the heavier
preceding aircraft; maintain it to touchdown.
e) Land beyond the point of landing of the
preceding heavier aircraft.
29.8.7 During visual approaches pilots may ask ATC
for updates on separation and groundspeed with
respect to heavier preceding aircraft, especially when
there is any question of safe separation from wake
turbulence.
29.9 Air Traffic Wake Turbulence Separations
29.9.1 Because of the possible effects of wake
turbulence, controllers are required to apply no less
than specified minimum separation for aircraft
operating behind a heavy jet and, in certain instances,
behind large nonheavy aircraft; i.e., B757 aircraft.
29.9.1.1 Separation is applied to aircraft operating
directly behind a heavy and/or B757 jet at the same
altitude or less than 1,000 feet below:
a) Heavy jet behind heavy jet-4 miles.
b) Large/heavy behind B757 - 4 miles.
c) Small behind B757-5 miles.
d) Small/large aircraft behind heavy jet - 5miles.
29.9.1.2 Also, separation, measured at the time the
preceding aircraft is over the landing threshold, is
provided to small aircraft:
a) Small aircraft landing behind heavy
jet-6miles.
b) Small aircraft landing behind B757 -5miles.
c) Small aircraft landing behind large aircraft
-4miles.
NOTEAircraft
classes are listed in the Pilot/Controller Glossary
in the Aeronautical Information Manual.
29.9.1.3 Additionally, appropriate time or distance
intervals are provided to departing aircraft. Two
minutes or the appropriate 4 or 5 mile radar separation
when takeoff behind a heavy/B757 jet will be:
a) From the same threshold.
b) On a crossing runway and projected flight paths
will cross.
c) From the threshold of a parallel runway when
staggered ahead of that of the adjacent runway by less
than 500 feet and when the runways are separated by
less than 2,500 feet.
NOTEControllers
may not reduce or waive these intervals.
30 AUG 07
AIP
United States of America
GEN 3.5-60
15 MAR 07
Nineteenth Edition Federal Aviation Administration
29.9.2 A 3-minute interval will be provided for a
small aircraft taking off:
29.9.2.1 From an intersection on the same runway
(same or opposite direction) behind a departing large
aircraft.
29.9.2.2 In the opposite direction on the same
runway behind a large aircraft takeoff or low/missed
approach.
NOTEThis
3-minute interval may be waived upon specific pilot
request.
29.9.3 A 3-minute interval will be provided for all
aircraft taking off when the operations are as
described in paragraph 29.9.2 above, the preceding
aircraft is a heavy and/or a B757 jet, and the
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