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parameter is announced as “MISSING.” For
example, a report with the dew point “missing,” and
no manual input available, would be announced as
follows:
EXAMPLE-
“Ceiling one thousand overcast, visibility three, precipitation,
temperature three zero, dew point missing, wind calm,
altimeter three zero zero one.”
8.3.5.4 “REMARKS” are announced in the following
order of priority:
a) Automated “REMARKS”:
1) Variable visibility.
2) Density altitude.
b) Manual Input “REMARKS.” As a general rule,
the remarks are announced in the same order as the
parameters appear in the basic text of the observation.
30 AUG 07
AIP
United States of America
GEN 3.5-26
15 MAR 07
Nineteenth Edition Federal Aviation Administration
EXAMPLE-
“Remarks, density altitude, two thousand five hundred,
visibility variable between one and two, wind direction
variable between two four zero and three one zero,
observer ceiling estimated two thousand broken, observer
temperature two, dew point minus five.”
8.4 Automated Surface Observing System
(ASOS)/Automated Weather Sensor System
(AWSS)
8.4.1 The ASOS/AWSS is the primary surface
weather observing system of the U.S. The program to
install and operate these systems throughout the U.S.
is a joint effort of the NWS, the FAA and the
Department of Defense. AWSS is a follow-on
program that provides identical data as ASOS.
ASOS/AWSS is designed to support aviation
operations and weather forecast activities. The
ASOS/AWSS will provide continuous minute‐byminute
observations and perform the basic observing
functions necessary to generate an aviation routine
weather report (METAR) and other aviation weather
information. The information may be transmitted
over a discrete VHF radio frequency or the voice
portion of a local NAVAID. ASOS/AWSS transmissions
on a discrete VHF radio frequency are
engineered to be receivable to a maximum of 25 NM
from the ASOS/AWSS site and a maximum altitude
of 10,000 feet AGL. At many locations, ASOS/
AWSS signals may be received on the surface of the
airport, but local conditions may limit the maximum
reception distance and/or altitude. While the
automated system and the human may differ in their
methods of data collection and interpretation, both
produce an observation quite similar in form and
content. For the “objective” elements such as
pressure, ambient temperature, dew point temperature,
wind, and precipitation accumulation, both the
automated system and the observer use a fixed
location and time‐averaging technique. The quantitative
differences between the observer and the
automated observation of these elements are
negligible. For the “subjective” elements, however,
observers use a fixed time, spatial averaging
technique to describe the visual elements (sky
condition, visibility and present weather), while the
automated systems use a fixed location, time
averaging technique. Although this is a fundamental
change, the manual and automated techniques yield
remarkably similar results within the limits of their
respective capabilities. (See FIG GEN 3.5-25 and
FIG GEN 3.5-26, Key to Decode an ASOS/AWSS
(METAR) Observation.
8.4.2 System Description
8.4.2.1 The ASOS/AWSS at each airport location
consists of four main components:
a) Individual weather sensors.
b) Data collection and processing units.
c) Peripherals and displays.
8.4.2.2 The ASOS/AWSS sensors perform the basic
function of data acquisition. They continuously
sample and measure the ambient environment, derive
raw sensor data and make them available to the
collection and processing units.
8.4.3 Every ASOS/AWSS will contain the following
basic set of sensors.
8.4.3.1 Cloud height indicator (one or possibly
three).
8.4.3.2 Visibility sensor (one or possibly three).
8.4.3.3 Precipitation identification sensor.
8.4.3.4 Freezing rain sensor.
8.4.3.5 Pressure sensors (two sensors at small
airports; three sensors at large airports).
8.4.3.6 Ambient temperature/dew point temperature
sensor.
8.4.3.7 Anemometer (wind direction and speed
sensor).
8.4.3.8 Rainfall accumulation sensor.
8.4.4 The ASOS/AWSS data outlets include:
8.4.4.1 Those necessary for on-site airport users.
8.4.4.2 National communications networks.
8.4.4.3 Computer-generated voice (available
through FAA radio broadcast to pilots and dial-in
telephone line).
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