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GEN 3.4−10
15 MAR 07
Nineteenth Edition Federal Aviation Administration
4.5.4Directions
4.5.4.1The three digits of a magnetic course,
bearing, heading or wind direction, should always be
magnetic. The word true" must be added when it
applies.
EXAMPLE−
1.(Magnetic course) 005 . . . zero zero five
2.(True course) 050 . . . . . . . zero five zero true
3.(Magnetic bearing) 360three six zero
4.(Magnetic heading) 100 . . heading one zero zero
5.(Wind direction) 220 . . . . . wind two two zero
4.5.5Speeds
4.5.5.1The separate digits of the speed are to be
followed by the word KNOTS" except that
controllers may omit the word KNOTS" when using
speed adjustment procedures (e.g., REDUCE/INCREASE
SPEED TO TWO FIVE ZERO").
EXAMPLE−
1.(Speed) 250 . . . . . . . . . . . . . two five zero knots
2.(Speed) 190 . . . . . . . . . . . . . one niner zero knots
4.5.5.2The separate digits of the Mach number are
to be preceded by the word Mach."
EXAMPLE−
1.(Mach number) 1.5 . . . . . . Mach one point five
2.(Mach number) 0.64 . . . . . Mach point six four
3.(Mach number) 0.7 . . . . . . Mach point seven
4.5.6Time
4.5.6.1FAA uses Coordinated Universal Time
(UTC) for all operations. The word local" or the time
zone equivalent shall be used to denote local when
local time is given during radio and telephone
communications. The term ZULU" may be used to
denote UTC.
EXAMPLE−
0920 UTC . . . . . . . zero niner two zero,
zero one two zero pacific or local,
or one twenty AM
4.5.6.2To convert from Standard Time to UTC:
TBL GEN 3.4−5
Standard Time to Coordinated Universal Time
Eastern Standard Time Central
Standard Time
Mountain Standard Time
Pacific Standard Time Alaska
Standard Time
Hawaii Standard Time
Add 5 hours
Add 6 hours
Add 7 hours
Add 8 hours
Add 9 hours
Add 10 hours
NOTE−
For daylight time, subtract 1 hour.
4.5.6.3A reference may be made to local daylight or
standard time utilizing the 24−hour clock system. The
hour is indicated by the first two figures and the
minutes by the last two figures.
EXAMPLE−
1.0000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . zero zero zero zero
2.0920 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . zero niner two zero
4.5.6.4Time may be stated in minutes only
(twofigures) in radio telephone communications
when no misunderstanding is likely to occur.
4.5.6.5Current time in use at a station is stated in the
nearest quarter minute in order that pilots may use this
information for time checks. Fractions of a quarter
minute or more, but less than eight seconds more, are
stated as the preceding quarter minute; fractions of a
quarter minute of eight seconds or more are stated as
the succeeding quarter minute.
EXAMPLE−
0929:05 . . . . . . . . . . . time, zero niner two niner
0929:10 . . . . . . . . . . . time, zero niner two niner and
one−quarter
4.5.7Communications with Tower when
Aircraft Transmitter/Receiver or Both are
Inoperative
4.5.7.1Arriving Aircraft
a)Receiver Inoperative.If you have reason to
believe your receiver is inoperative, remain outside
or above Class D airspace until the direction and flow
of traffic has been determined; then, advise the tower
of your type aircraft, position, altitude, intention to
land, and request that you be controlled with light
signals. When you are approximately 3 to 5 miles
from the airport, advise the tower of your position and
join the airport traffic pattern. From this point on,
watch the tower for light signals. Thereafter, if a
complete pattern is made, transmit your position
when downwind and/or turning base leg.
AIP
United States of America
GEN 3.4−11
15 MAR 07
Federal Aviation Administration Nineteenth Edition
b)Transmitter Inoperative.Remain outside or
above Class D airspace until the direction and flow of
traffic has been determined, then join the airport
traffic pattern. Monitor the primary local control
frequency as depicted on sectional charts for landing
or traffic information, and look for a light signal
which may be addressed to your aircraft. During
hours of daylight, acknowledge tower transmissions
or light signals by rocking your wings. At night,
acknowledge by blinking the landing or navigational
lights.
NOTE−
To acknowledge tower transmissions during daylight
hours, hovering helicopters will turn in the direction of the
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