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operations are on either the same runway or parallel
runways separated by less than 2,500 feet.
Controllers may not reduce or waive this interval.
29.9.4 Pilots may request additional separation;
i.e.,2minutes instead of 4 or 5 miles for wake
turbulence avoidance. This request should be made as
soon as practical on ground control and at least before
taxiing onto the runway.
NOTEFederal
Aviation Administration Regulations state: “The
pilot in command of an aircraft is directly responsible for
and is the final authority as to the operation of that
aircraft.”
29.9.5 Controllers may anticipate separation and
need not withhold a takeoff clearance for an aircraft
departing behind a large/heavy aircraft if there is
reasonable assurance the required separation will
exist when the departing aircraft starts takeoff roll.
30. International Civil Aviation
Organization (ICAO) Weather Formats
30.1 The U.S. uses the ICAO world standard for
aviation weather reporting and forecasting. The
utilization of terminal forecasts affirms U.S.
commitment to a single global format for aviation
weather. The World Meteorological Organization's
(WMO) publication No. 782, “Aerodrome Reports
and Forecasts,” contains the base METAR and TAF
code as adopted by the WMO member countries.
30.2 Although the METAR code is adopted
worldwide, each country is allowed to make
modifications or exceptions to the code for use in
their particular country; e.g., the U.S. will continue to
use statute miles for visibility, feet for RVR values,
knots for wind speed, inches of mercury for altimetry,
and will continue reporting prevailing visibility
rather than lowest sector visibility. A METAR report
contains the following sequence of elements in the
following order:
30.2.1 Type of report.
30.2.2 ICAO station identifier.
30.2.3 Date and time of report.
30.2.4 Modifier (as required).
30.2.5 Wind.
30.2.6 Visibility.
30.2.7 Runway Visual Range (RVR).
30.2.8 Weather phenomena.
30.2.9 Sky conditions.
30.2.10 Temperature/Dew point group.
30.2.11 Altimeter.
30.2.12 Remarks (RMK).
30.3 The following paragraphs describe the
elements in a METAR report.
30.3.1 Type of Report. There are two types of
reports:
30.3.1.1 The METAR, an aviation routine weather
report.
30.3.1.2 The SPECI, a nonroutine (special) aviation
weather report.
The type of report (METAR or SPECI) will always
appear as the lead element of the report.
30.3.2 ICAO Station Identifier. The METAR code
uses ICAO 4-letter station identifiers. In the
contiguous 48 states, the 3-letter domestic station
identifier is prefixed with a “K”; i.e., the domestic
identifier for Seattle is SEA while the ICAO identifier
is KSEA. For Alaska, all station identifiers start with
“PA”; for Hawaii, all station identifiers start with
“PH.” The identifier for the eastern Caribbean is “T”
followed by the individual country's letter;
i.e.,Puerto Rico is “TJ.” For a complete worldwide
listing see ICAO Document 7910, “Location
Indicators.”
30 AUG 07
AIP
United States of America
GEN 3.5-61
15 MAR 07
Federal Aviation Administration Nineteenth Edition
30.3.3 Date and Time of Report. The date and
time the observation is taken are transmitted as a
six-digit date/time group appended with Z to denote
Coordinated Universal Time (UTC). The first
twodigits are the date followed with two digits for
hour and two digits for minutes.
EXAMPLE-
172345Z (the 17th day of the month at 2345Z)
30.3.4 Modifier (As Required). “AUTO” identifies
a METAR/SPECI report as an automated weather
report with no human intervention. If “AUTO” is
shown in the body of the report, the type of sensor
equipment used at the station will be encoded in the
remarks section of the report. The absence of
“AUTO” indicates that a report was made manually
by an observer or that an automated report had human
augmentation/backup. The modifier “COR” indicates
a corrected report that is sent out to replace an
earlier report with an error.
NOTEThere
are two types of automated stations, AO1 for
automated weather reporting stations without a
precipitation discriminator, and AO2 for automated
stations with a precipitation discriminator. (A precipitation
discriminator can determine the difference between liquid
and frozen/freezing precipitation). This information
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