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Interest and rental income are recognised on an accruals basis.
(q) Foreign currencies
(i) Functional and presentation currency
Items included in the financial statements of each of the Group’s entities are measured using the currency of
the primary economic environment in which the entity operates (‘the functional currency’). The consolidated
financial statements are presented in Ringgit Malaysia, which is the Company’s functional and presentation
currency.
106 > AIRASIA BERHAD > annual report 2007
2 SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES SCONT’DT
(q) Foreign currencies (cont’d)
(ii) Transactions and balances
Foreign currency transactions are translated into the functional currency using the exchange rates prevailing
at the dates of the transactions. Foreign exchange gains and losses resulting from the settlement of such
transactions and from the translation at year-end exchange rates of monetary assets and liabilities
denominated in foreign currencies are recognised in the income statement.
(iii) Group companies
The results and financial position of all the group entities (none of which has the currency of a
hyperinflationary economy) that have a functional currency different from the presentation currency are
translated into the presentation currency as follows:
(i) assets and liabilities for each balance sheet presented are translated at the closing rate at the date of
that balance sheet;
(ii) income and expenses for each income statement are translated at average exchange rates (unless this
average is not a reasonable approximation of the cumulative effect of the rates prevailing on the
transaction dates, in which case income and expenses are translated at the dates of the transactions);
and
(iii) all resulting exchange differences are recognised as a separate component of equity.
On consolidation, exchange differences arising from the translation of the net investment in foreign
operations are taken to shareholders’ equity. When a foreign operation is disposed of or sold, such exchange
differences that were recorded in equity are recognised in the income statement as part of the gain or loss
on disposal.
(r) Contingent liabilities
The Group does not recognise a contingent liability but discloses its existence in the financial statements. A
contingent liability is a possible obligation that arises from past events whose existence will be confirmed by
uncertain future events beyond the control of the Group or a present obligation that is not recognised because it
is not probable that an outflow of resources will be required to settle the obligation. A contingent liability also
arises in the extremely rare circumstance where there is a liability that cannot be recognised because it cannot be
measured reliably.
In the acquisition of subsidiaries by the Group under a business combination, the contingent liabilities assumed
are measured initially at their fair values at the acquisition date, irrespective of the extent of any minority interest.
The Group recognises separately the contingent liabilities of the acquirees as part of allocating the cost of a
business combination where their fair values can be measured reliably. Where the fair values cannot be measured
reliably, the resulting effect will be reflected in the goodwill arising from the acquisitions.
Subsequent to the initial recognition, the Group measures the contingent liabilities that are recognised separately
at the date of acquisition at the higher of the amount that would be recognised in accordance with the
provisions of FRS 137 ‘Provisions, Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets’ and the amount initially recognised
less, when appropriate, cumulative amortisation recognised in accordance with FRS 118 ‘Revenue’.
NOT E S TO T H E F I N A N C I A L S TAT EME N T S 30 June 2007 (cont’d)
AIRASIA BERHAD > annual report 2007 > 107
NOT E S TO T H E F I N A N C I A L S TAT EME N T S 30 June 2007 (cont’d)
2 SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES SCONT’DT
(s) Financial instruments
(i) Description
A financial instrument is any contract that gives rise to both a financial asset of one enterprise and a
financial liability or equity instrument of another enterprise.
A financial asset is any asset that is cash, a contractual right to receive cash or another financial asset from
another enterprise, a contractual right to exchange financial instruments with another enterprise under
conditions that are potentially favourable, or an equity instrument of another enterprise.
A financial liability is any liability that is a contractual obligation to deliver cash or another financial asset to
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