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If your radios stop working before
entering the zone, you must remain
clear of controlled airspace.
Helicopters should fly slowly enough
to avoid collisions with other traffic
or obstacles.
Instrument Flight Rules
Generally, all flights in IMC must be
conducted under IFR, although you
can actually fly under IFR at any
time, even if the weather is clear –
for example, you must obey IFR
rules at night. The essential
difference between IFR and VFR is
that tighter margins are applied for
avoiding obstacles and choosing
your altitude according to the
direction you are flying in (the
Quadrantal Rule – see Cruising
Altitudes, below). In Class A, B, C, D,
E or F Special Use Advisory
airspace, you must also have ATC
clearance, and observe any
conditions it includes.
Cruising Altitudes
Here, you have to take into account
obstacles, aircraft performance and
weather. However, what height you
fly at is first of all determined by
Quadrantal Rule, or based on the
direction in which you are going, for
which, unless told otherwise, you use
magnetic track.
Quadrantal Rule
This must be observed when outside
controlled airspace above the higher
of 3000 feet AMSL or the transition
altitude, up to FL 240, based on
1013.2 mb. Cruise levels must be at
least 1000 feet above the highest
obstacle within 5 nm of track.
360-
089°
090-
179°
180-
269°
270-
359°
Odds Odds +
500'
Evens Evens
+ 500'
Allowance for Wind Speed
Within 20 nm of ground over 2000
ft amsl, increase safety altitudes by:
204 JAR Private Pilot Studies
Elevation
(feet)
0–30
Kts
31–50
Kts
51–70
Kts
+ 70
Kts
2–8000 + 500’ +1,000’ +1500’ +2000’
+ 8000 +1,000’ +1500’ +2000’ +2500’
This is because the venturi effect
over a ridge makes the altimeter
misread, as well as causing
turbulence and standing waves.
A combination of all this, plus
temperature errors (see below), can
make an altimeter overread by as
much as 3000 feet.
Temperature Correction
When the surface temperature is well
below ISA, correct MSAs by:
Surface Temp (ISA) Correction
–16°C to –30°C + 10%
–31°C to –50°C + 20%
–51°C or below + 25%
Airspace Structure
Altimeter Setting Regions
When flying through a Military
Aerodrome Traffic Zone (MATZ), you
must set the MATZ QFE.
ATZ
Air Traffic Control Zones are circular,
with the centre of the circle based on
the longest runway on the relevant
aerodrome. If it is 1850 metres or
less, the radius of the circle will be 2
nm. Otherwise, it will be 2.5 nm. An
ATZ goes up to 2000 feet.
CTA
The lowest level of a CTA (Control
Area) is at least 700 feet above the
surface. Aerodromes underneath a
CTA use the same QNH.
CTZ
The lateral limits of a Control Zone
extend to at least 5 nm (9.3 km)
from the centre of the aerodrome(s)
in the directions from which
approaches are made.
TCA
A Terminal Control Area exists at the
confluence of airways or other
routes (i.e. where they join) near
major aerodromes. Aerodromes
under a TCA use the same QNH.
Flight Information Region (FIR)
This is a (generally large) area, within
which a flight information and
alerting service are provided.
Transition Altitude
This is the altitude at, or below
which, any reference your vertical
position is based on altitude(which
itself is based on QNH). Above the
transition altitude, which in UK is
generally 3000 feet on QNH, you
use Flight Levels, based on 1013.2 mb.
When descending to go below
transition level, if you are cleared to
a Flight Level, you must keep 1013.2
set on your altimeter. If you are
cleared to an altitude, and no more
FL reports are needed, set the QNH
as soon as you start descending and
report altitudes.
Near aerodromes, vertical position
should be reported in terms of
altitude at or below the transition
layer, and FLs at or above it.
When passing through the transition
layer, report flight levels when going
up and altitudes when going down.
Air Law 205
Transition Level
This is the lowest available flight
level when the altimeter is set to
1013.2 mb, so it would normally be
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