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WEATHER 77
The Seasons 78
Pressure Patterns 78
Wind 80
Windshear 82
Microbursts 84
Wake Turbulence 84
Successive aircraft on finals 85
iv JAR Private Pilot Studies
Departing aircraft 85
Same or parallel runways less than 760m apart (inc grass) 86
Runways with displaced landing thresholds where flight paths cross 86
Crossing and diverging or parallel runways over 760m apart 86
Opposite direction runways 86
Helicopters 86
The Altimeter 86
Temperature 88
Moisture 90
Stability 92
Clouds 92
Low (Strato) 93
Middle (Alto) 93
High (Cirro) 93
Other 94
Precipitation 94
Hail & Sleet 95
Turbulence 95
Thunderstorms 95
Approaching the area 97
Within the Area 97
Air Traffic Control Considerations 97
Take-off and Landing 97
Icing 97
De-icing Fluids 99
Air Masses 100
Frontology 100
The Warm Front 101
The Cold front 102
The Occlusion 102
Trowal 103
Secondary Front 103
Visibility 103
Fog 103
Mist 104
Whiteout 104
Met Services & Information 104
TAFs 104
Message Type 105
Station Identifier 105
Date and Time of Issue 105
Validity Period 105
Winds 105
Horizontal Visibility 105
Weather 105
Cloud 105
Table of Contents v
Significant Changes 106
Probability 106
Example 106
METARs 106
Message Type 106
Station Identifier 106
Winds 106
Horizontal Visibility 106
Runway Visual Range (RVR) 106
Present Weather 107
Cloud 107
CAVOK and SKC 107
Air Temperature and Dewpoint 107
Pressure Setting 107
Recent Weather 107
Windshear 107
Runway State 107
Trend 108
DENEB 108
Area Forecast 108
SIGMETs 108
PIREPs/AIREPs 108
AIRMET 108
Charts 108
Form 214 108
Form 215 108
The Station Circle 109
Front Passage 110
Some Questions 110
Some Answers 111
ELECTRICITY & RADIO 113
Atomic Theory 113
Electricity 114
Batteries 114
Amps 117
Volts 117
Resistance 117
Magnetism 117
Direct Current 118
The Generator 118
Alternating Current 118
The Alternator 120
Radio 120
Wavebands 121
Propagation 121
VOR 123
vi JAR Private Pilot Studies
Testing 126
Problems 126
Time to Station 126
ADF/NDB 127
RMI 130
Position Fix 130
Time to Station 130
Tracking 130
DME 131
GPS 132
Errors 133
Radar 133
Secondary Surveillance Radar 134
VDF 135
Radio Procedures 135
ATC 137
Ground Control 137
Tower 137
Approach 137
Radio Failure 137
RT Emergency Procedures 137
Distress 137
Urgency 138
Some Questions 138
Some Answers 138
NAVIGATION 139
Great Circles & Rhumb Lines 140
Direction 141
Magnetic Bearings 141
Time & Time Zones 142
Deviation 142
Maps & Charts 143
Lambert's Conformal 143
Mercator 144
Transverse Mercator 145
Universal Transverse Mercator 145
Polar Stereographic 145
The Arctic 145
Scale 146
Relief 146
Speed & Distance 147
Triangle of Velocities 147
Dead Reckoning 149
The 1 in 60 Rule 149
Summary 150
Departure 150
Table of Contents vii
En Route 150
The Circle of Uncertainty 150
Map Reading 150
Some Questions 151
Some Answers 152
FLIGHT PLANNING 153
Fuel 153
Helicopters 154
Fixed Wing 154
Maps 154
The PLOG 154
The Dalton Computer 155
CR Series 156
Slide Rule 156
Weight & Balance 158
Distribution 159
Performance 161
Density Altitude 162
Altitude 163
Humidity 163
Temperature 163
Pressure 163
Runway length 163
Altitude and Temperature 163
Aircraft weight 164
Runway slope 164
Surface winds 164
Surface 164
When taxying 165
Hydroplaning 165
Grass 165
Obstacles (The Climb) 166
The Cruise 166
Speed 166
Miscellaneous 166
V-Speeds 166
Charts 167
Height/Velocity Curve 167
A Question 168
An Answer 168
FLIGHT OPERATIONS 169
Fuelling 169
Bird Hazards 171
Ditching 172
Sea Movement 172
viii JAR Private Pilot Studies
The Procedure 172
Equipment 174
Rafts 174
Lifejackets 175
Immersion Suits 175
Night Flying 175
AIR LAW 177
Tips For Reading Legal Stuff 178
Medicals 178
JAR 178
Class 1 178
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