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05 050 15 -02
02 050 15 +06
01 030 15 +09
The location of the box is shown at
the top. The column on the left
shows the altitude in thousands of
feet, the second the wind direction
in °T, then the wind speed in knots,
followed by the temperature in °C.
To get the answers to any exam
questions, you have to interpolate
between the surrounding boxes and
the figures given in the box itself, as
you can guarantee that the level
given will not coincide with any in it!
For example, at 14,000 feet in the
table above, the wind velocity will be
055/20.
Form 215
This is the Significant Weather Chart,
or, in other words, a low level
forecast, graphically represented.
Significant weather will be shown in
Weather 109
scalloped lines, located in Zones that
are identified with a number in a
circle. Inside the scalloped area will
also be boxes with the freezing level
in thousands of feet amsl.
In most cases above, the freezing
level is at 6000 feet. There is an
occluded front through the area,
moving South easterly at 15 kts.
The Station Circle
Weathermen use a station circle (or
model) to describe the weather where
their observations are made.
Here is a decode:
N Total cloud
dd True wind direction
ff Wind speed in knots
VV Visibility in miles
ww Present weather
W Past weather
PPP Pressure in mb
TT Air temperature
Nh Sky covered by low or middle cloud
CL Low cloud
h Cloudbase
CM Middle cloud
CH High cloud
TdTd Dewpoint
a Barograph trend
pp Pressure change in last 3 hours
RR Precipitation
Rt Time precipitation began or ended
In the example below, the dark circle
below means the sky is covered with
cloud (it would have white and black
quadrants otherwise):
The temperature is 22°C, and the
dewpoint 16°C. The wind is from
the East at 15 kts – if the wind is
calm, there will be a second circle
around the first. The visibility is 10
sm in rain. The middle cloud is 3/10
Alto-Cu at 10,000 feet. Low cloud is
5/10 Cumulus at 4,000. The sea level
pressure is 1009.6 and the trend over
the last 3 hours is a steady increase
of 1.6 mb.
110 JAR Private Pilot Studies
Front Passage
You can tell the position of fronts
between stations just by looking at
the station circles. These items will
change as a front goes by:
· Wind veers (marked clockwise
change in arrow direction).
· Pressure drops as fronts
approach, steadying after a
warm front and rising after a
cold front.
· Temperature changes according to
the type of front.
· Weather will start with moderate
continuous rain ahead of the
warm front to drizzle in the
warm sector, followed by
heavier intermittent or
continuous precipitation at the
cold front, then nil (or showers)
afterwards.
· Clouds follow the pattern in the
diagram on the previous page.
· Visibility improves markedly
behind the cold front.
So, if somebody asked you to give
reasons why you would suspect a
front in any position on a map, you
would check the above elements.
Some Questions
1.Complete the following table:
PA Deviation OAT
FL 100 -5°C
FL 125 ISA -3°C
ISA +3°C -38°C
FL 310 -52°C
FL 80 ISA +15°C
ISA -8°C -21°C
2. At FL 100, what is your clearance
over high ground of 5880 feet amsl,
assuming 1 mb = 30 feet and an
altimeter setting of 989 mb?
3. You are flying at 2500 feet near an
airfield on an altimeter setting of
29.38". What is your separation from
an aircraft flying overhead at FL 35?
4. If you are flying in the Northern
Hemisphere, how is your true
altitude changing when:
· flying over land at 2000 feet,
into a headwind.
· flying over the sea at 500 feet
with a tailwind.
5. If the wind at 1000 feet at an
aerodrome is 360° and 15 kts, what
is it likely to be at the surface?
6. If you were heading for a coastal
aerodrome with a sea breeze blowing
from the South, and the ETA was in
the late afternoon, would you expect
to land on runway 36, 18 or 21?
7. Flying towards a warm front
above the freezing level, you
encounter rain. What sort of icing
are you most likely to get?
8. Your destination has fog in the
early morning, with hardly any wind.
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