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followed by the lesser value, e.g.
R24/P1500. When less than the
minimum, the RVR will be reported
as M followed by the minimum
value, e.g. R24/M0050.
Present Weather
Any precipitation. A minus (-) means
light, no sign is moderate, and +
means heavy. It is described in 7
ways, such as SH for showers, DR
(drifting), FZ (freezing), MI for
shallow, BL (blowing) and BC for
batches. See under TAFs for others.
Cloud
Up to 4 cloud groups may be
included, in ascending order of
bases. A group has 3 letters for the
amount (FEW = 1 to 2 oktas, SCT,
or scattered = 3 to 4 oktas; BKN, or
broken, = 5 to 7 oktas, and OVC, or
overcast = 8 oktas) and 3 for the
height of the cloud base in hundreds
of feet above ground level.
Apart from significant convective
clouds (CB) cloud types are ignored.
Cloud layers or masses are reported
so the first group represents the
lowest individual layer; the second is
the next individual layer of more
than 2 oktas; the third is the next
higher layer of more than 4 oktas,
and the additional group, if any,
represents significant convective
cloud, if not already reported, e.g.:
SCT010 SCT015 SCT018CB
BKN025
CAVOK and SKC
CAVOK will replace visibility, RVR,
weather and cloud groups when
visibility is 10 km or more, there is
no cloud below 5000 feet or below
the highest MSA, whichever is the
greater, and no cumulo-nimbus; and
there is no precipitation,
thunderstorm, shallow fog or low,
drifting snow. Otherwise, the cloud
group is replaced by ‘SKC’ (sky
clear) if there is no cloud to report.
Air Temperature and Dewpoint
Shown in degrees Celsius, separated
by an oblique stroke. A negative
value is indicated by an ‘M’ in front
of the appropriate digits, e.g. 10/03
or ‘01/MOI’
Pressure Setting
QNH is rounded down to the next
whole millibar and reported as a 4-
figure group preceded by ‘Q’. If less
than 1000 Mb, the first digit will be
‘0’, e.g. ‘Q0993’.
Recent Weather
Significant weather seen since the
previous observation, but not
currently relevant, will be reported
with the standard present weather
code preceded by the indicator ‘RE’,
e.g. ‘RETS’.
Windshear
Included if windshear is reported in
the lowest 1600 feet, beginning with
‘WS’: ‘WS TKOF RWY20’, ‘WS
LDG RWY20’.
Runway State
For snow or other runway
contamination, an 8-figure group
may be added at the end of the
METAR.
108 JAR Private Pilot Studies
Trend
For when significant changes are
forecast during the next 2 hours.
The codes ‘BECMG’ (becoming) or
‘TEMPO’ (temporarily) may be
followed by a time group (in hours
and minutes UTC) preceded by one
of ‘FM’ (from), ‘TL’ (until) or ‘AT’
(at). These are followed by the
expected change using the standard
codes, e.g. ‘BECMG FM 1100
250/35G50KT’ or ‘TEMPO FM
0630 TL0830 3000 SHRA’. Where
no such significant changes are
expected, the trend group will be
replaced by the word ‘NOSIG’.
DENEB
Fog dispersal is in progress.
Area Forecast
Covers several hundred square miles.
Cloud bases are above sea level.
SIGMETs
Warning of serious weather.
PIREPs/AIREPs
Reports by pilots, commencing with
UA. UUA is urgent.
AIRMET
A telephone service for people
without access to charts or other
information, with information in
plain language for particular areas.
See the AIP MET section for
contact numbers.
Airmets are valid for 8 hours, and
are issued 4 times a day, with an
outlook period of 6 hours:
0500-1300 UTC, to 1900
1100-1900 UTC, to 0100
1700-0100 UTC, to 0700
2300-0700 UTC, to 1300
Charts
Weather information is issued in
many ways, including the charts
mentioned below. Those showing
expected patterns are prognosis charts,
but they won't be anything like what
you see when you get there.
Form 214
A spot wind chart that shows you
what winds you can expect at
selected heights. You will find boxes
placed on certain intersections of
latitude and longitude, with details of
wind direction, speed and
temperature between 1000-24000':
5730N 0230W
24 070 15 -40
18 060 15 -28
10 050 25 -10
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